held the homemade candle and a piece of lighting bogwood.

they wish to make grey frize; in which case, half the wool is dyed black; with copperas they use bark of oak, sallow, or docks; but alder bark is mostly used, as well as branches cut small, with a little oak bark and bogwood the bog alder, as it is called, which grows in marshy land, and on banks of streams, is preferred: alder and bogwood, give a good black.
To dye yellow they use resida luteola, weld, which is common on banks of ditches, and in rubbish: they put ¼ lb. of allum to a pound of wool, and as much of the plant as the pot can contain.
Walnut leaves with branches, and with copperas, are used for a brown or olive colour, and for red, bog-wood and madder, which were bought: neither this plant, nor weld, nor woad, isatis tincforia, have ever been cultivated, 'though they grow well

The people dyed their clothes long ago. There were blue dyers in the country places long ago. They used to get bogwood, coppers, and ivy leaves. They boiled them in a pot. They put the clothes in the pot, and boiled them in it. Then, they put them out to dry. They would be a blue colour when they would dry.

the war of 1641, when Lord Broghill was given the lands by Cromwell.
According to an old balled entitled "The Monks of Kilcrea" the hospitality extended to visitors and travellers by the friars of that historic monastery is paralleled in this country to-day only by the communities of Mount Mellary and Roscrea:-
"Three monks sat by a bogwood fire!
Bare were their crowns and their garments grey;
Close sat they to that bogwood fire,
Watching the wicket till break of day.
Such was ever the rule of Kilcrea,
For whoever passed, be he Baron or Squire,
Was free to call at that Abbey and stay,
Nor guerdon or hire for his lodgings pay,
Though he tarried a week with its holy choir."

in a field to dry. Then men would come and pound it and the women used to clove it. A hackle was pulled through it and the remainder was made into linen which was used for making shirts and sheets. Householder's used make their own laces from linen threads and dye them with copperas and bogwood. They used always spin thread for the making of stockings which was on a small scale.
There is no cloth spun or woven nowadays in this locality.

people knew very little about light for reading or household use. They had only strips of dried wood cut into lengths of about six inches. Bogwood was the best for this purpose and would keep lighting a long time. These were kept in a hole in the wall near the fireplace. Later the people made candles of tallow with wick in the inside. These were very dirty and spoiled everything when dripping. The first oil lamp came into use about seventy years ago and has improved ever since. Turf was the fuel always used by the people until a century ago. Coal was introduced into some districts.

the house they would have to bend down to open the door to get in. There were only two windows on the house one in the kitchen and the other in the room. The windows were also very small. The skins of animals were used in the windows instead of glass as glass was unknown in those days. There was only one fire-place in the kitchen and it was called a hearth fire-place. The furniture in the kitchen consisted of a bed which was called a press-bed and a few wooden chairs covered with rushes. There was also a dresser which was used for holding delph. The old man of the house usually slept in the bed which was in the kitchen. The younger members of the family slept in the room. They had no lamps or candles at that time like we have at present. Instead they used splinters of bogwood which they found in the bogs. These were cut

The most harmful weeds in this part are chicken-weed, creeper, yarrow and nettle. Chicken weed spreads very rapidly and will smother up anything that gets in contact with it. Where land is good thistle and dockens are the most common, and where land is bad bogwood and nettle are to be seen. A nettle will sting but if you rub the sore with a docken three times it will cure it. Chopped nettles and oaten meal is good feeding for young turkeys.
Dandelion, gentian, chicken-weed

Within a foot of each other they put a row of scallops they set, they let a row of straw over it and follow on to the top and at the last row the scallops are exposed. Then the uneven straws are cut with a knife and brushed down
Rope making =They used plait the horse-hair and make it into ropes.
Dyeing - They used get coprus and bogwood and boil it for an hour. they used colour the wool or thread in it.

were able to take a firkin of water on their heads and a bucket or pitcher of water in each hand. Stories are told about some of those women who danced and often their petticoats fell off--they kicked them away from beneath their feet and never lost a "tip" or "batter" of the music. They were also able to dance on top of "soaped" tables. The eggs were exchanged in the grocer's shop for goods. If money was got it was lucky money. Egg money is lucky money. Money was not always given for goods. "barter" was carried in the case of flannel and wool. Much flannel was used by men for drawers, and waistcoasts and for petticoats and skirts and dresses for the women and girls. School boys wore flannel dresses up to the age of 12 or 13. The custom of boys wearing dresses was discontinued about thirty years ago. The flannel for dresses was dyed with bogwood.
Egg markets were held at crossroads and goods were given in exchange for the eggs. Pedlars were common and they travelled on foot with their baskets of useful household goods needles, thread, thimbles laces etc, and at the end of the years copies of Old Moore's Almanacs. They gave those in exchange for horse hair and also for money. Later on carts hawked the goods for them. One hawker was called "Soft Goods", he sold clothes and wearables. Marine store dealers

several acres of it began to move towards the West sweeping all before it. There were two houses in its way and these it swept away.
The families of one house named Donnellys were drowned because they had received no warning.
While on the move it could be heard for miles around, bogwood cracking and breaking and water gushing. It kept moving for five days and people all over the country came to see the sight. Its waters formed a river and flowed into the lakes of Killarney.

Candles.
Candles were made out of the tallow of the cow or goat. It is melted and put into a mould and the wick, and the wick and it is left set. Then it is fit for use.Skhees Dyeing
Skees are made of twigs. They used to buy bogwood and boil it and put the clothes into it and give it a boil. Then they were dyed.

Long ago before oil and lamps were in use one of the old ways they had for light was a splinter of bogwood put into a hole in the wall. They lit the top of it. As the splinter was burning they had more left beside the fire, and when one was burned it was replaced by another.
Long ago the people used to make their own candles from tallow. They used to melt the tallow and then they used to get a mould and put the tallow.They used to melt the tallow and then they used to get a mould and put the tallow into it, and then they used to get a strong piece of cord and put it into the middle of the tallow as a wick. Then they put the mould into cold water to harden it and when hard it is put into hot water to soften it a little. Then it is taken out and ready for use.
The lamps the old people used were - a spool was got, and it was put on the neck of a bottle

place they desired. After about a stay of an hour at McInerney's house a fresh start was made, and a journey made to the house of a tenant named James Finucane, whose holding of 25 acres lies at Clooneylissane in the parish of Killimer, and from it could be obtained a magnificent view of the River Shannon extending almost down to the mouth of the river. Finucane's indebtedness, as stated in the writ, was £50 for 2¾ years rent to March 1887. His rent ordinarly was £26 (it having in 1884 been rasied to that figure from £20, but by the Land Commissioners it was again reduced to £20, the valuation being £19 I0s. An offer was made to this tenant on similar terms to that made to McInerney, but was refused by him, saying he would go with the rest of his friends. When his house was reached it was found that the entrance had been filled with bushes and heavy pieces of bogwood. These, however, offered but slight opposition to the emergenctmen, who in a very short space of time had the house cleared.
After another prolonged delay, after which the lands were inspected, another move was made, and the procession now augmented by many cars, bearing visitors from all directions and covering a distance of three and a quarter miles, moved slowly down a hill and thro' a fertile valley, but bottom of which is washed by the waters of the Shannon, then again up the hill until at last after a journey of about five miles, a fine substantial house was

Forty years ago there lived a tailor in the townland of Losset. His name was Matthew Daly. He made over-coats and suits out of woven cloth.
He had no sewing machine, and he sewed the cloth with his hands. He charged six shillings for making a suit of clothes. The house in which he lived, the ruins are yet to be seen. The land on which it is, belongs to James Smith of Maio. He remained there until he died.
Up to five or six years ago, my mother spun wool into thread. Then she dyed them with bogwood and copperas. Then they were of a blackish colour.

zigzag pattern. Two large needles and a woolen thread were used.
The women also made frieze from the wool and the men's coats were always made of frieze. There was a presser in every district for pressing the frieze.
There was an herb which grew among the heather; and they used it to make dye. They also used copperas[?] and bogwood and magenta dyes. Redville was also a great favourite.
Linen was also woven in the district but it is a very long time ago. No one can now remember the time when flax was grown here, but all the old women have

1. Rushes were peeled. Some tallow was melted in a "slige" (a little iron pan with three legs and a handle [drawing in text]) and the peeled rushes were dipped into this and hung up to dry.
2. Splinters of bogwood - known as vir[?]. The wood was cut into very slender chips about 12" long. These were dried and used to give light.
Both rush candles and splinters were put on an iron stand. The part marked "A" was probably used to hold the thicker candle and was joined to B with a rivet - A could be moved up and down and the splinter or rush wick was placed between it and B at x.
[labelled drawing]
As the splinter burnt down it was pushed up between A & B.

The only forge in this district is Murphy's forge, situated about a quarter of a mile west of the village of Meelin. It was built by the present smith's father who came from a neighbouring parish where his own father was a blacksmith also.
The last member of blacksmiths whose forge was in the village, emigrated to America about fifty years ago.
The "new" forge is built on the roadside and consists of one large apartment, having four windows and one very large (forge) door. It is roofed with rafters of bogwood and thatched with rushes.
Near its one fireplace is the large bellows, and in front of the fireplace is a block of wood on which the anvil rests. There is a large vice inside one of the windows which the smith uses to hold things. There is

Many crafts were carried on in this district in former years that are now discontinued and almost forgotten. Some of these such as basket-making and spinning thread for stockings were on a small scale for the use only of the household concerned.
Thread was also spun from flax which was taken to the local weavers and afterwards made into shirts and sheets. Householder's made their own laces from linen threads and dyed them black with copperas and bogwood.
On a larger scale the local blacksmith made nails, slanes, ploughs, spades, and gates for all the parish.
Local carpentars made firkins for the farmers in which they sent their butter to the Cork market.

made from rods, the twigs being the best. All the old people made ropes from bogwood "fionán" .It is cut and saved then twisted with a "crusicín".Weaving
When the wool was cut from the sheep it was washed & combed, carded spun into thread & woven into cloth by the weaver. The people would sometimes dye it into various colours.Thatching
This is done at the present day as well as long ago. It is done with rye, wheat, barley & "fionán". There was a lime kiln at Blackwater long ago, but the nearest one to us now is Kenmare. The people used to be out very early in the morning to have the nets. They used to kill bream, skad, herring, mackerel, whiting, haddock, hake, pollock, sole & plaice & the salmon is a fresh & salt water fish. The