the fence, but they were up against their match for Fr. Walsh was said to possess extraordinary power. The priest enraged at being obstructed struck their horses with his whip, capsizing horses and coach into the dyke. There they remained and could not be released until Fr. Walsh sent somebody from Sneem to tell them they might now finish their journey after they had been delayed for many hours. The O'Connells of Derrynane were the owners of nearly all the parish of Caherdaniel until the Butlers of Waterville bought over all the northern half of the parish about 1860. Many of the tenants were not satisfied when the land was given over to the Protestant landlord. The O'Connells were Catholics and Irish while the Butler were strangers, English "Planters". Four families from Basilican near Waterville were evicted because they would not recognise Buter as their landlord. The O'Connells however had reserved some mountain land as hunting ground on the north-east of Waterville Lake. This glen they divided among the evicted families and that is how people first came to live in Clochbhuala. All through the parish of Sneem there are the remains of ruined homesteads which tell us how mercilessly tenants were evicted during Penal Days. There is on an average, one farm to-day where there were four before the famine years.

"Triúr agus cuígear ó'n Sgairt,
Fear agus a seacht ó Bhórd-Eoghain-Fhínn
B'iad a dhein an cómhrac ceart
Ar ínsín theas ar bruac an Sín."The girl notified a priest who anointed the maimed men and all who took part in the faction fight were dead before morning.
John Mountain of Bealach near Sneem more commonly known as the "Graffa" was famous for climbing and rowing. He came from Sneem to Waterville to a Regatta, across the Glenmore mountains a distance of about fifteen miles. Having missed his way he had to climb through the Inch Cliff, where no man had come before, nor has anybody done since. When he arrived at Waterville the paddle race was about to begin. The most skillful oarsman of Iveragh were preparing for it . There were the pick of the O'Mahonys' from Ardcost near Caherciveen, the brawny Fitzgeralds from the Island near Ballinskelligs and some of his own neighbours, "the Shine" Connors from Sneem. He brought the race with no mean margin from all those verteran oarsmen.
James Hallissey of Tooreens, a townland about nine miles from Waterville was a noted horseman. Having milked the cows on a Summer morning he would set out for Killarney and come back again before sun-down. His mother used to walk to Caherciveen nineteen miles distant and back again in one day. She used to carry her butter in a wooden bucket on her head and having sold the butter bring back her groceries in the bucket. The Donnellys' of Raheen were counted among the best singers in Iveragh, the most noted being Sylvester Donnelly whose favourite songs were, "Ar Eirinn ní n-eosfainn cé h-í" and "Ag seoladh na ngamhan faoi'n bhfásach".

One night my Grandfather was returning home from Waterville. As he came to a stream he saw a ghost following him. When he crossed the stream he could not see the ghost anymore. It is said that a ghost cannot cross water.

of the O Sullivans are still living in Cooma Cista their name is not O Sullivan now but Broderick.
The agent that Hartopp had after "Joe" O Sullivan his name was Butler. Butler lived in Waterville and he was a good man. Hartopp owned from Bunaneer Bridge to Waterville Bridge.
Lord Carberry (owned) was the Landlord before Hartopp. He was a good man and he used to live in England. He gave the property to his daughter. Hartopp married Lord Carberrys daughter and that is how he came to be Landlord. The land was divided into farms before Hartopps time.
The landlord had great power over his tenants. If a man met him on the road he would have to take of his cap. When the tenants would approach the agents house they would have to take of their hats and carry them in their hands. If the tenants improved their houses or put big windows in the house they would have to pay a tax on every window to the landlord. The tenants used to give certain days every year to the agent digging the potatoes saving the hay and setting the garden.

There were no good roads in this parish long ago. There was an old road from Coad to Kenmare through the mountains People had a very hard time long ago coming across mountains in long journeys and to Mass as the old roads were very rough. There are a good many roads in this place now, and there is a road to Kenmare Killarney and Waterville and several other roads leading to country places. Parts of the old road to Kenmare is all the time in use, and it is called an "Old Road." Men got very poor payment long ago and women drew

The village of Ohermong lies along the mountain-side between the Cross and Ohermong bridge about two and a half miles from Caherciveen. The word Ohermong means the "plain of the otters". In olden times the bog was covered with trees through which a river flowed into the sea, and otters lived by its banks. It is said that a king lived in Ohermong long ago, and that he ruled from Ohermong to Caherciveen and Waterville. After a reign of five years he lost one of his eyes, as a result of which he was called "súil amháin" meaning "one eye", and from him it is said the "Ó'Súilleabháin" family are descended.

on hearing of the defeat of their men were furious and so issued a proclamation ordering that all persons found without protection in Iveragh and Dunkerr would be put to death without mercy.
The country folk were terrified and they met in council as to what would be the best means of obtaining protection. They were ill advised if they sought protection personally from the Governor of Kenmare that it would be granted.
(This was a move to get them together for a general massacre.) Accordingly the people of Waterville, Boardanine, Ballybog(Sneem aka) arranged to meet on a certain

and people used to make paths through the hills for short cuts in doing their business such as to go to Cork with butter on saddle horse.
Tadg Con started the road for Waterville and did not give long at work because he had nothing to do only skin a path.
There are a lot of these old roads around this locality yet but a lot of them are not used at all at the present day. "Carraig a Claidheamh" is one of the oldest here and is used yet. There is one in Daniel Buckley's farm Coom because it was that road a lot of people used to go to Cork with their ferkins of butter. There are good public roads around this locality at the present day and people have every convenience to fairs and markets.

There is a great diference between the roads that are there now and the roads that were (there) in Ireland long ago because there were not any motor cars or bicycles in the country at that time. The main road to Waterville was from Coom along through Kilcolman down by the side of Aghatubrid school and then the same road as is there now from that out. The man who was stewarding from Coom to Kilcolman was "Tadg Conn" from Letter and he was also a famous boxer. He had eleven working men and their pay was one and nine pence a day. They should be at work at seven in the morning untill six o'clock in the evening and if they went on strike for higher pay they would be thrown of and anew set would take their places.
The reason why so many gaps are through the hills now-a-days is because in olden times there were not any main roads at that time

An Tiarna TalunHartopp was the name of one of our ancient land lords. His property extended from Burnaneet Bridge to Waterville bridge. He lilved at Westcove.He was a kind good land lord. If a cow died in anybody he would replace the cow. He was the best land lord in Ireland. He spent most of his time in England. He had an agent by the name of Rugene O' Sullivan nick-named "Joe". Joe was a native of the kounty kork and he lived at the house of Hartoff at Westcove.
This man was very extravagant and was fond of drink. He had a good many forms besides being an agent. He was always in want through his extravagance. If anybody gave him a bribe of about twenty pounds he would evict a poor tenant and he would send a report to the land lord telling him that this poor tenant was very troublesome. He got several people evicted in this way. The land lord trusted him and did not know anything about his extravagance and his wickedness. The agent was doing fine in this way untill at last a new parish priest came to the parish. Fr. O' Sullivan was his name. This priest would not tolerate this sort of work any longer from the agent.

The Landlord that owned Dunkerron his name was Mr. Hartopp. He was a just man and he used to live in Leicestershire in England. He used to come to Waterville every summer for a few months holidays.
The property was managed by his agent Eugene O'Sullivan "nicknamed Joe". Hartopp was a good man but the agent and understrappers were worse. Eugene O Sullivan was a native of County Cork he was a wicked and bad man.
He was very extravagant man for drinking. He would take pieces of land from some people and give to others if he would get a bribe of £20. Eugene O Sullivan "Joe" avicted many people in this parish. He avicted a man named Paddy O Sullivan of Cooma Cista. Paddy O Sullivan was an honest man and he had the grass of three cows.
"Joe" O Sullivan brought men with him who had pikes and they knocked the thatch of the house. Paddy O Sullivan had to take shelter from a neighbour for a few nights. Paddy O Sullivan put the case in the hands of a solitictor named Broderick of Tralee. Broderick carried "Joe" O Sullivan from court to court until he got broke. "Joe" O Sullivan went into the workhouse where he died and their is no one of his people in this parish now. The third generation

About a century ago certain officials of the government used to gather tithes for the Parson. The man that used to gather tithes used to take 3 shaves of oats out of every ten and three ridges of potatoes out of every ten. There was a Parson in Waterville. He was a very strict man for gathering the tithes.
There was a man in Derrynane his name was Paddy O Shea. He would not pay the tithes to the Parson. One day the Parson was in Caherdaniel Paddy O Shea heard it and he and another man decided to beat him. When they saw the Parson coming they pulled him of his horse and beat him heavily on the road.
Paddy O Shea was summoned to the court. About a month before the day of the court Paddy O Shea went to Daniel O Connell and told his case to him. Daniel O Connell said he would invite the judge to dinner in a few days time. He told Paddy O Shea to pretend to be dead. The judge came to Daniel O Connell for dinner and there was a wake being held in Paddy O Shea's house.
Daniel O Connell and the judge went to the wake and the people were crying bitterly. The next day there was a funeral to the Abbey and

Hartopp was the name of the Landlord of this place. He was the Landlord from Bunaneer Bridge to Waterville, Bridge. He was here for about thirty years. Hartopp generally lived in England but he had his house at Westcove where he stayed when he came to Ireland for a few months of the year. Some of his Agents lived in Westcove.
Hartopp was liked by the people but his agents were very cruel to the tenants. He had an agent who was living at Westcove his name was Eugene O'Sullivan nicknamed "Joe". This agent evicted a poor man who was living at Garrough in the parish of Caherdaniel. His name was Paddy O'Sullivan. He lived in a small little thatched house and the grass of three cows. Paddy O'Sullivan lived happily with his wife and family. A very hard working honest man he was.
The agent Eugene O'Sullivan went one day to him to collect the rent so Paddy being very poor could not pay the rent. The agent gave Paddy notice that if he could not pay the rent the next time he would come he would get him evicted. So the next time the agent came to Paddy O'Sullivan for the rent he could not pay it he was going to be evicted.
It happened that

St Finian Cam was a pupil of St Brendan. He is sometimes confused with St. Finian the Leper but the general opinion is that the latter never visited Kerry. St. Finian Cam founded monasteries at Lough Currane near Waterville at Innisfallen Island in Loch Lein and at Muckross. It is also believed that it was he who founded the Monastery at Aghadoe.
He, as was then customary visited many of the Monastic schools then numerous in Ireland.
The ruin of his Cell can still be seen in Church Island in Lough Currane.
A secret Causeway connected his cell with the mainland; and Folklore has it that he often visited the mainland through this secret Causeway. His feast occurs on the 7th April

the fairs they stayed together in companies for fear of faction fights which took place frequently.The fairs for the district around Caherciveen were held in Killalean. The name "Páirc an Aonaig" is the name still given to the field where the fair was held. There was great difficulty in crossing the river from the southern districts as there was only the Deelis Bridge, which is four miles east of the town, by which to cross over. Sometimes they crossed by boat but very often it was too rough to take across the cattle by boat. Daniel O'Connell seeing the great inconvenience for the farmers, in having to pay toll on the cattle in the fair field which they had in the town, granted them tax-free the fair green where the fairs are now held.The Michaelmas sheep-fair held in Sneem on the twenty-fourth of September attracted great crowds. People who lived far away gathered the sheep the day before and set out during the night. When they arrived at Sneem they "stood" the sheep together and in this way no man from one townland could sell his sheep apart from the others. The "jobber" had to buy all or buy none at all. There was great "bargaining" before anything was sold and a "jobber's" reputation depended on the way he bargained and on the "luck-penny" he gave. In olden times too the women sold stockings and brooms at the fair. Fortune-tellers and sportsmen came to the Caherciveen fairs and crowds thronged around these people where they played their tricks near the Post-Office. The first of March fair was not held at all long ago and on this account it is called "Aonach Nuadh an Mhárta." There was a fair held once or twice at Crois a' Chárta in Dromid and this is the only place in the parish, except Caherciveen and Waterville where fairs were held.

He is now an old man, over seventy years but still walks with as light a tread as would shame many a boy of fifteen. He now resides at Bohicogram (?) near Sneem. He could whistle a jig or horn-pipe with any musician in the seven parishes and would not be short of breath sooner than the fiddler's fingers would be aching. He is said to have been seen dancing a horn-pipe on a plate which was on a table.
Faction fights were prevalent in days gone by in every district. These fights which very often led to serious disaster took place on fair-days and pattern days. A faction fight was a squabble which took place between the people of two different districts and which arose from enmity or jealousy. There is one faction fight about which a great many stories are told. It took place between the inhabitants of Kenmare and the people of Bórd-Eoghain-Fhinn or that district which lies between Waterville and Caherdaniel. The people of Kenmare holding a high suposal of their worth made a surprise raid on the people of Bórd-Eoghain-Fhinn and went off with some cattle. The Bórd Eoghain-Finn people enraged at this and intent on revenge pursued the intruders, overtaking them on the banks of the Sheen River near Kenmare where a famous faction fight was fought. A girl on her way to the Church on that night, saw the motionless figures by the roadside. One roused himself and asked her to bring him a drink of water in her shoe. She did as she had been bidden and gave him to drink. When he had quenched his thirst, she asked him why he and his companions lay on the roadside. The man being a poet made a reply thus in Irish:-

waste and subjected all the southern part of the Iveragh Peninsula. Travelling to the West along the road to Caherdaniel at about a mile and a half distance from here we come on a road which brings us to Coad a mile or so on the hillside. Here are the ruins of Cill Crohane or the church of St Crohane the patron of the parish. The old church where St Crohane preached is easily distinguished from a newer church which is now ruined too as its walls are now very low and all overgrown with grass and ivy. Mass was celebrated in the ruins of the newer church on St Crohane's Day 29th of July until recent years. In the graveyard, where the ruins stands generation after generation of the people of the parish have been buried.The fort or Cathair which gives its name to Caherdaniel is situated in a sheltered hollow overlooking a good harbour near Rinn na Ratha. This castle as its name implies was also built by Donal Mor O'Sullivan. In shape it is like his other fort in Bunanner but its walls are better looked after and have not been knocked down. A little way up from Caherdaniel on the road to Waterville we come on Cathair na Gaoithe, an old circular fort with deep mounds of earth all around it. The fort seems to have been of very ancient origin as there is very little left of its walls. From what is left, however and from all the stones around, which have, doubtless fallen from it we get some idea of its one-time strength. All around it on the south side of the walls are long slits from which a view of Derrynane Bay could be easily got while those inside were under cover. The builders of this stronghold, whether, Celts Danes or Normans knew well where to find a situation for their fort. Proudly it overlooks the

Atlantic as it stands impregnable alike to the inroads of the enemy and to the bleak winds from Coomachiste. At its back are the bold cliffs of the Dunkerron Ranges, guarding it from invasion by land.About a mile and a half from Waterville in the townland of Shanaknock stands Cathair Conraidhe at least all that now remains of it. Little of the walls of this once famous castle is now to be seen. It is supposed to be the castle of a chieftain called Conraidhe, whose wife wanted to betray him to his enemies. When they arrived in their ships in Ballinskelligs Bay, she sent them a message saying, that she would throw milk into the river when Conraidhe went to sleep. When the river ran white with milk, into the tide, they came and took away the cattle and sheep and took Conraidhe's castle and bore off his wife in triumph. The river is called the "Fionn-Glaise" or white stream till this day.
Near Kanturk in Cork are the ruins of an old castle known as the "Court" and built by McDonagh about the year 1650. This McDonagh was so cruel that he had the mortar used in the making of the castle wet with the blood of his subject and workmen. For this purpose he put to death four McCarthy boys, the sons of a widow. When the fourth was about to be sacrificed, the widow McCarthy went to the tyrant and implored of him to spare her last and only support, but he was unyielding and merciless and so McCarthy followed his three brothers. The widow was so sorrow-stricken and so enragedat this that she cursed the oppressor and his castle and she also propesied that it would never shelter a human being, but that it should be a rookery for crows and wild birds.

This prophecy was fulfilled to the letter. When the castle was ready to be roofed, the workmen went to Cork for the slates, but as they were returning on the "Brogeen" a great wave arose on the river overturning the boat and both men and slates were lost. A little while afterwards as McDonagh was on his way to Dublin his horse cast a shoe. He went into a wayside smithy but the smith had no iron out of which to make the shoe. McDonagh on hearing this became enraged and threatened the smith with a most violent and cruel death if he did not produce some iron immediately. The poor smith was terrified and taking an old fowling piece from the rafters he stuck the barrel into the fire in the hope of providing some iron. Unknown to him the gun was loaded and on being heated it went off leaving McDonagh dead on the door step. Such was the end of the infamous chief and his gruesome castle.
In Waterville Lake or Lough Luigheadh as it is called are the ruins of St Finan's Church. These ruins are in Church Island - a rich and fertile tract of land surrounded on all sides by the calm water of the Lough. The Church was built by St Finan - the patron saint of Dromod Parish about the fourth century. About sixty years ago a party of Protestants, some of whom were visitors in the place, desecrated the church. They broke down the altar, the Stations of the Cross and all the sacred objects. They were compelled however to pay for the damage done by them, but they also paid in another way for the sacrilege committed. One of them while getting into the boat on his return homewards broke one of his legs and all four received a sudden and unprovided death. As years went by the Church fell into ruins and now there is nothing to be seen save the ivy mantled walls.