of turf or an armful of sticks to school. When Carney School was built in 1841, this hedge school in Finnoe ceased to exist. Mr Hogan stayed in his old places. He died after two years and was buried in Cloughprior graveyard.Sally Darcy.

Old Crafts - got from James Cleary, now living in Carney Woodlands, Borrisokane; born in Finnoe, Borrisokane.James Cleary - aged 63 (approximately).

Collected by
John O'Callaghan Tenehilla Ballyhahill
From
John O'Callaghan Tenehilla, Ballyhahill
Age 67 years
Collected by
Michael Naughton Finnoe Ballyhahill
From
Mrs Naughton Finnoe Ballyhahill
Age 50
Collected by
Chris Mullane, Knocknaboula, Ballyhahill
From
Patrick Courtney " " age 68

During the time of the Terries there lived in Finnoe, Borrisokane, a landlord named Waller, who was notorious as an evictor and hunter of the Catholics from the land.
His cruel actions aroused the Terries to action. Waller's house was full with gay company enjoying themselves on a certain Xmas night. The armed Terries entered the hall; Waller stood up trembling and inquired if they wanted money or arms. They replied that they required nothing, but that the hour when he should fight for his life had come.
The fighting began, Waller was slain and a stop was put to further evictions.

Famine Times
The district of Finnoe about a mile from Borrisokane suffered very severely during the famine years. Nobody in the district had potatoes only one old man named Tom Ralph of Ralphmount, Borrisokane , and he gave to the starving people as much of his crop as he could spare , and to the people to whom he did not give came one night and took every root potato this man had, with the result that he died after three weeks of pure starvation. the other starving people of the district crowded to the workhouse ,and, if anyone died there, the owners of the dead body would go late at night with a long box , *coffin* the body and take itto the nearest dyke or drain ,throw it in and sometimes throw some clay over it . When the potato crop failed the first year the people used to boil some sort of meal for food, but very soon the y got a disease which they

My townland is called Borrisokane. There are approximately 600 people living in it. The town is believed to have got its name from people called O'Kanes who lived there long ago. There are not any people of that name living there now. Borrisokane is in the Barony of Lower Ormond. There are a few old people living there. Mr. Jim.[?] Ryan Main St. Borrisokane is 91 years of age. He can tell stories in English but he does not know much Irish.
The family names most usual in Borrisokane are Kelly and Hogan. All the houses are slated except one or two thatched ones. Houses are more numerous now than in former times. There are no ruins except one in the centre of the town. There is a wood called Borris wood about a mile from the town. There is also an old castle which was used for defence against Danish raids. It is called Finnoe Castle. Ballyfinboy river runs through

the different parts of the churn:- the ventilator, the glass or "window", and the plug.
The buttermilk is drawn off when the butter is formed, and the butter is then washed 3 or 4 times (more in Summer) so that no buttermilk may be mixed through the butter. Then the butter is brought out of the churn by means of Scotch wooden hands, and is placed in a round tub or keeler, the butter is again washed and slated, then weighed and put away for the weeks use. Warm water is very often poured into the churn to keep the cream at an even temperature this is done on Winter. The buttermilk is used for bread-making as well as drinking purposes.Nancy Donaldson, Finnoe, Borrisokane, Co. Tipp.

The churn in my home Finnoe, Borrisokane is very small, it measures 38 inches in circumference, and 19 inches in height. The churn is 9 years old and is what is called "an end over end" and is given a turning motion by means of a handle, which is at the left hand side of the churn. The churn is used once every week in Winter, and is used twice every week in Summer.
It is an old custom in my district (and is still kept) that any person who comes into the dairy while the churning is in progress, should "give a hand" with the work. There is a tiny "window" on the lid of the churn through which, when the cream is churned can be seen small particles of butter, and when thoroughly churned becomes quite clear. This obviates the necessity of removing the lid while the churning is in progress. The following are

There were three different types of bread made in my district (Finnoe, Borrisokane) in olden times. These breads were known as "Buckbread", or potato bread, "pea-bread", and griddle bread. This buckbread was very seldom used, but was made from new grated potatoes, mixed with flour and milk to a stiff dough, then baked on a griddle and was eaten hot with plenty of butter, the colour of this bread was dark grey or black owing to inferior flour, and the potatoes being left grated for some time without use.
Pea-bread was eaten in plenty in former times and was made from dried ground peas, mixed with flour and water, and baked in a pot-oven. Pea-bread was only made once every week, and was as hard as a rock at the best of times.
Griddle bread is still made in the district but in former times it was made from home grown, and home ground wheat. This bread was eaten

In the district of Kilbarron Borrisokane there are many old graveyards but one special one which is known as the oldest is called Finnoe graveyard. It is not round in shape but it is level. There are many trees growing it. There is a church on this graveyard which is still used. The most of the unbaptised children were buried in old forts around the district. The are many old graveyards on the parish with old tombs, monuments and crosses. There is no ornamented cross on it.I Ena Ryan got the above from my father M. Ryan, Gregulawn, Borrisokane Co. Tipperary.

The Terries were supposed to be named after their great leader Terry O'Meara (Alt) - Big ankled, of Cloughmore, mid Tipperary.
At the time of the Terries there lived nr Finnoe, Borrisokane a landlord named Waller, who was notorious as an evictor and hunter of the Catholics from the land.
One Xmas. night the Terries of Kilbarron visited Waller's house where gay company were enjoying themselves. As they entered the hall Waller stood up and inquired if they wanted money or firearms. They replied that they required nothing, but they told him that the hour when he had to fight for his life had come.
The fighting began, Waller was slain and a stop was put to the evictions.

The only two shoemakers that ever lived round my district Finnoe, Borrisokane, were Jim Houlihan and Hugh Farrell, who lived in Borrisokane about 1895.
These shoemakers got their leather from Keels in Birr, and were excellent at their trade.
About 50 years ago in my district people never wore boots until they were old enough to earn the money to buy them which, for a first class pair of boots was 12/=.
In those days both boots were made on the same last, so there was no distinguising between the right and left boot. Some of the leather required for Nenagh and Roscrea boot making was made at Coolbawn Cross on the shore of Lough Derg, and 6 miles from Borrisokane. Every fair day in Borrisokane there used to be a car load of Roscrea homemade selling on the street, these were bought for as little as 3/6 per pair, 12/= being top price.

The landlord in Borrisokane about 1880 was Mr. Clarke. Mr. Clarke was an Englishman by birth, and was one of the most severe landlords ever known in the district of Borrisokane, Co. Tipperary. This landlord owned all the land from the edge of Lough Derg (6 miles on the west side of Borrisokane) including the town itself.
In the year 1887 or '88 most of the people in the district of Brocka, Borrisokane, failing to pay their rent, were evicted by this very severe landlord. A great number of the evicted emigrated to America on cargo boats, some of them died at home, and the remainder stayed round their own homes and eventually got back their possessions again.
Tithes were never collected round Borrisokane in former times, nor were farms sub-divided within living memory.I, Nancy Donaldson, Finnoe, Borrisokane

Up to 10 or 12 years ago in Finnoe, Borrisokane old people always told stories around the fire at night, these old people had what they called "favourites".
These "favourites" consisted of the most outlandish "fibs" ever told.
One of their favourites was about a stepmother who was very hard and cruel on her stepson. When the boy was old enough to realize how cruelly he was being treated, he decided to leave home, so one night he set out for Galway (which was only a village then) in search of work, but on failing to find work in Galway he said he would go to America on a sailing boat.
He arrived in Canada about 3 month later, it was some months before he found work (and many a time he was cold and hungry) but at length he found work on a ranch minding young horses for very small pay. After a time this young man decided to go to United States, where he found work in a mine, and soon was on the road to

I live in Ballyhahill, a small village in the west of county Limerick. Its name in Irish is "baile Dha Tuille" which means the town of the two floods, and sure enough at the eastern end of the village two rivers meet to be called the famous Aban about which Gerald Griffin has written a lovely poem.
The other townlands in the school area are Clounlearde, Mohernagh, Turraree, Tenekilla, Finnoe, Knocknaboula, Coole.
Clounleharde means the meadow wtih the height. Long ago the place was covered with woods. About six hundred years ago an English Chieftain lived near the woods, his name was Carew. Himself and a big army lived near the woods for a long time. One time he attacked Glin Castle with an army of two thousand men and all the people ran into the woods of Clounleharde. Carew and his soldiers surrounded the woods and killed four hundred people there. They buried them all in one big grave. Some were buried there alive. The grave is near Clounlearde school now. Some of the woods still remain along the river and vallies where they are very thick.
The part of the district from which it got its name is high and hilly and green, and if you stood there on a summer's day you would have a fine breeze from the south. There is also a fine view of Knockpatrick whick is ten miles away. There was a brick factory in the district long ago. There was a lot of brick made there, as the earth of the place was very suitable.

In Ireland long ago - in 1692 - when the Penal Laws were enforced the Catholics were forbidden to send their children to school. When they could not send them to school they built what was known as a hedge school.
One of those schools was in Finnoe, a mile below Carney School and about four miles from this school. It was situated at the end of a long lane on the lands of a Mr. Cleary. The school was built of clay and was roofed with sticks and straw.
A man from Co. Leitrim named Martin Hogan taught school there. This teacher lodged in the houses of Mr. Cleary and Mrs Hayes every second night. Hogan was very fond of the children and every night he conveyed them home in case any harm might befall them on their road home.
In the school, writing, English, Arithmetic, history, and a little Irish were taught. The pupils wrote on slates, with a little piece off another one. The teacher had a bigger slate than the children. When the lessons were in progress they sat on bags of straw.
During the winter the children took a sod