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'running ' sores, skin diseases, eczema and c uc. [?]Bone Setters
A man names Crowley lived in the parish of Tuogh on the left bank of the Laune almost opposite Ballymalis Castle, and he was a bone setter. He was an ordinary farmer with little or no educations. His father, grandfather and great grandfather were bone setter. He died about 15 years ago and left only two daughters - and so people believe his 'power' died with him.
No one for miles and miles radius would dream of going to a qualified doctor with a broken limb while he was alive, and he had often to break and reset a limb fixed by a qualified doctor, He never failed to set a broken bone properly.
He never took money - that was considered unlucky but he would not object to

Close by is a field called Ceann Tochair evidently a wiar [?] or causeway leading across a bog.
The strange thing about this parish is that very little folk lore as to be found. Virtually all the families now living here, have been here for no more than three or four generations.
The Ryans or Hogan tell me they came from Tipperary.
The Nevins or Meherans came from Clonfert and still have their burial places there.
Even the Maddens (except one family) are new comers and the one old Madden family were only herds for the Kenny family.
The Muldoons were even yet called Ubrachs [?] They came from the North having to fly from Ulster. The oldest man in the place

A forge door is a big door to allow horses especially frightsome ones adequate space to enter for the purpose of shoeing them, and also to enable the smyths adequate room to work at the machinery. This door is well over 10 feet high and about 12 feet wide. The smiths in this parish work all their iron with one fire. This fire is made on a height of stone work about 4 feet high so that a bellows can be attached in oder to enable the fire ti give out excessive heat. Portable bellows are used in some forges. They are much easier to work, and have double the power of the ordinary bellows.Nearly all these are important, I do not know if any have been made locally.
Implements. A smyth has many implements both for the shoeing of horses and the repairing of machinery. One of the most important is the anvil, others are, the hammer, sledge, tongs, rasp, punch, chisel, knife, nippers, vice, drill, disc and a stone for wheel-banding.
All smiths shoe horses, asses, and repair machinery. Some have a secret method of shoeing and their services are eagerly sought after.
The smith has special iron for shoeing horses - a long slender bar about one inch

to the corpse house. They arrive, sympathise with the bereaved friends and may shed of some tears of sorrow over the loss. Formerly it was the custom to "caoin" over the deceased. The women took a special pride in being able to caoin well. An amusing story, and a true one, relates how an old woman and her two daughters- in law went to the wake of a near relative. On arrival there the old dame cried aloud and caoined for quite a good while. The daughters-in-law shed a few silent tears. All went well til they were on their homeward journey and the mother-in-law accosted the two and told them they were like two prísíns[?] mea-abhaing [?] and why on earth didn't they cry like woman would. She said she was ashamed of them and they ought to be ashamed.
I understand the custom of caoining was such that a specially selected woman was told off for the purpose to chime in with the relatives on arrival, and to keep her in good heart for the purpose, she was provided with a goodly supply of spirits. This caoining is now a thing of the past. Over a great loss some sad heartfelt tears are shed and it ends there.
On arrival now at the wake house and sympathising with the relatives they kneel and say a few prayers for the repose of the deceased soul. The are then treated with refreshments and they renew their prayers "May the Lord have mercy on his or her soul. Regarding the refreshments, as soon as the person dies a list of articles is made out for the wake, e.g. one, two or three barrels of stout, 5 or 6 bottles of whiskey, 5 or 6 bottles of wine, 3 or 4 doz, of bread, tobacco and pipes, snuff, tea, sugar, jam, butter, and candles to lite for the corpse.

On the third night they resolved to be courageous and went again to the spot. After a short time they came to a big flag. On [?] it they they found a timber box. On opening the box they found it contained only dead leaves. In disgust they caught them and threw them into the river, but to their surprise they sank to the bottom.
It is supposed that the leaves were money which belonged to some chief.
Long ago before people died they changed their money into some other object and put a guard to mind it. The guards in this case were the turkey cock and the solider.

Long ago in this district there lived a man and his wife. One night the wife dreamt that there was some money hid in the garden in Lisnaculla Castle.
In the morning when she awoke she related her dream to her husband and he resolved to dig for it.
Himself and his two comrades went that night with their pickaxes, and shovels to the place, where the woman dreamt it was hidden.
Scarcely however had they begun to dig, than a big turkey cock came fluttering towards them and with his wings blew out the candle which was the only light they had. When he had gone, the men were frightened to death and returned home.
An the next night they went again but met with no greater success, for when they had begun to dig, a soldier on horse back rode welding past them and with his sword cut the wick off the candle.

In such terror that hardly they would pass there in the middle of the day.
About a couple of miles down along that glen there is an old chapel of former years where about 3,000 persons used attend from all parts of the country every Sunday not in motor cars but on horse-back, ass cars and even wheels burrows and sometimes in the middle of Mass the army would appear in top of the mountains. There used to be a great rush fir the door and they would make in all directions for the top of the hill and they leave cars and wheel-burrows the blind and the lame and the deaf behind them and they never stop running until they reach “New Market”. They used to be so bad that they had to be taken to hospital some did and more used be badly crippled and the majority of them never

St Ita was living in Killiedry convent and she had a farm of land out in Secant where she had the grass of thirty cows. And when the cows were milked she had her ass, and car the vessels would be put in the car and left go away home without any guide through Garravane, Cammons and on to Munteenowne crossing the Spring. There was a big flag in the passage and the load being so heavy he drove his hoof four inches in the rock and any one that thinks it worth their while can go at the present day to see them.
A short distance from Secant there was a purse of money found and some of the coins dated back seven or eight hundred years ago and according to tradition of the people it is the most dreadful glen for fairies and wild beasts and even wild horses and the people are

be broken, and your straddle and mats will surely go on. Then it is passed on to the next child who repeats the same words. This is continued until the glowing stick finally fades out in some child's hand. That child must then stoop down and close its eyes, while the other members pack up all sorts of articles on its back. T he child must then guess, what is on its back, and if it fails, something else is piled up. This is continued until it guesses right.
11/ A number of children sit around the fire, and one member goes around with a cap. Each child puts something into the cap, and the the leader takes out one of the "gotfeits[?]" and says;- "To whom does this belong." Whoever it belongs to must do whatever the leader imposes on him. This is done until the cap is empty.
12/ A number of children sit around the fire, and one member goes around to each individual with a button. One child actually receives the button, and the others then guess to whom it has been given. The child who guesses wrong gets three slaps. Before the slaps are given

8/ Eight children stand in two rows four on either sides. Two girls, one from each side, catch hands to pull a tug o'war, each child trying to pull its opponent into the opposite ranks. This is continued until all are on the one side.
9/ A number of children stand in a ring, while one stands in the middle. They then dance around and say the following :- "See this pretty littel girl of mine; she has finished a bottle of wine, a bottle of wine and a biscuit too: see what my little girl can do; down on the ground she must go, while the grass goes round in a row. Stand up straight and point to the one you love so sweet" While the children say the rhyme, the one in the middle kneels down on the ground, and when they are finished she stands up, and points to some girl in the ring. Then that girl steps into the middle, and the same is preformed.All the children sit around the fire at night. One of them holds a piece of glowing stick in the hand and says :-"Pat my man if you die in my hand, your back will

in turn each one makes an attempt to lift the apple or coin from the bottom of the tub with his or her mouth, and whoever gets it can keep it. The second trick is played in the following way. First three saucers are obtained and water put on one clay on another , and a ring on the other. The person who is playing the trick is brought outside, and blindfolded and then he's led in, and if he puts his hand on the plate with the water its a sign that he will go to some foreign country before a year, and if he touches the plate with the ring it is a sign that he will be marries before a year, and if he touches the plate of clay it is a sign that he will be in his grave before a year. On Halloweve night the people used run around the rick of straw three times and pull out a straw, and the number of bits of Chaff on it signifies the number of years till the person will get married.

in the house. I went out to the stream and drank three quarts of water, and I coming in I got a stroke across the shoulders so I have a presentment I won't go home alive. True enough early that evening the man got suddenly sick and two doctors came to him but he was so bad that he had to be taken up to his aunts in a car. When the priest came he hadn't a word for him and he died that evening. People said also that this man was cursed by his mother for one day some one asked her how was her son and the reply she made was 'I'd rather see him laid dead above in Molagga than where he is." At this man's funeral a terrible wail arose and travelled around the locality.

There was a woman churning one day when a neighbouring young man came in. He asked her would it be long until she had the churning finished as he was dying for a sup of buttermilk. She said it wouldn't so he waited until the churn was finished when he drank there quarts of buttermilk. He remained sitting down and half absentmindedly said "I'll never go up to my aunts." It seems that this man had a row with his father and was living with his aunt. The dairy maid told him to give up his playacting and go home. He again said "I won't go up to my aunts alive to night." The girl then said "Didn't you knock a cross-wall above at _ house, because there is a belief that the person who knocks a cross-wall will die very soon. "I did says he and the other night in bed a great thirst came over me and I went out to the kitchen for a drink. I went to the bucket only to find the water boiling and so was every sup

now release ye." It's no use said one of the men because we would be arrested again and anyway we are handcuffed." St. Feanahan only turned in, touched the handcuffs and they were opened. When ye go home now says he give those handcuffs to your parish priest and tell him to put them on the altar of Bilgowan (not sure if this is the name) church. The men followed St. Feanahan, escaped and did as they were told. The handcuffs remained on the altar until they wore away after a great number of years.The Poor Woman got wine from a Well. It happened that one Christmas night a certain family was in very poor circumstances being almost without a bite or sup. The woman of the house went down to a stream for a bucket of water, but when she returned what had she but a bucket of wine.

There is a certain day in the neighbourhood of Michelstown - St Feanahan's Day I think - which is a blackfast day. Well a very long time ago two men from that locality were arrested wrongfully and lodged in Cork jail. The weeks went by until this feast day came around and for dinner that day they got more meat than they hardly ever saw before. However they didn't eat it and when the jailer came back he asked them why hadn't they the meat eaten. One of the men said, "If we were at home to day we wouldn't eat it either," so the jailers failed to get the men to dishonour the day. That same night at twelve o'clock a knock came to the prisoners cell door and one of the men said "There is no chance we can open it - there are so many bars and bolts in it." At that moment the door burst open and they saw a man outside mounted on a grey horse. "I am St. Feanahan said the horseman and for the honour ye did me to day I will

on St. Patricks Day that he could eat them on the Saint Peter and Paul's Day.
People say that Tuesday and Friday are both very lucky days for changing into a new house. They hardly ever change into another house on a Saturday because it is considered a very unlucky day as the old saying goes Saturdays flittin' is a rahoret sittin'. Any friend who goes into a new house to see it never goes in without bringing some present and the present has to be something glass or delph.
The cross day is known in our district. It occurs on the first third day after the twenty fifth of December. No lady gets married on these

In olden days the people of Ireland were very superstitious and up to the present day the old people are very superstitious. They used not let their sons and daughters out after a certain hour on some nights.
The old people say that if a person cries on new Year's Day that he will be crying the whole year through. The old people also say that ships should not go to sea on the first of May or May day as it is often called because the sea is supposed to be very rough and they say that storms usually occur on that day.
People consider the month of March a very lucky month. They say that if a person sows potatoes

There are a lot of fairy forts in this district at the present day, but the people are doing away with them. There are often about twenty forts in view of each other and they are stretching in a line along the country. The name they are most frequently called is a fort or a lios and the most of them have a round shape.
There are fort in the following place:- Lismakeera, Milltown, Cunigar, Ballinacara, Altivilla and Liffane and all of them are in the parch of Askeaton. The most of the forts named are in view of each other. The people say that it is

of banks around some of them. There is a fort in Incherourke. There is a gate going into it. There is a story told about it. A boy dreamt one night that there was gold buried in it. He said he would go and carry another boy him. When they started rooting the bush and when they were near the flag they heard a noise coming out of the hole like a bull roaring. They ran for their lives. When they came next day the place was closed.

There are two forts in Cragmore in the parish of Askeaton. One of them is surrounded by a wall, and the other one is surrounded by bushes and stones.
There is a fort in Incherourke in the parish of Askeaton. It is a big wide fort surrounded with a stone wall. With trees growing up through it. There is a heap of stones in the middle of it. There is a gap going into it on the east side of it. There is money hidden in it since the seventh century.

There is an old fort in Ballybocogue, Askeaton, Co. Limerick. People say that the Danes lived in it long ago and that they buried their chieftain in it. All around it there is a big deep, trench but it is empty. The old fort is now

the other, and there is one large fort in the centre. The forts consist of a large thick wall, and it is said that an under ground passage connects each one of the forts there is the ruins of an old castle, and, gold is supposed to been hidden underneath the old ruin. An expedition to the fort by the boys of Askeaton National School disclosed two chambers about 12 ft long 6 feet wide and 4 ft high. The chambers were safely searched and one of the boys found a large old sword and a short bronze spear which was sent to the museum. There is also an old fort on the banks of the Deel and the fairies are supposed to be seen there. There are many other old forts which are not of much note.

There see many forts in this district. Some one known as Forts, others as Liss and ohers as Caher. The Caher is in the townland of Milltown. There is a great stone wall around it.
Lissa Dún, is situated west of the village of Askeaton. This is a big hill surrounded by bushes and trees, there are also bushes on top of it..
Haugh's Fort, is situated in the townland of Maig in the parish of Askeaton. A woman in this village was always saying that two or three men searched in it for treasure. They went there two nights and on each time they met all kinds of insects. They did not go the third night and every one said they should have gone the third night.

Milk.
One day [?] this woman went to milk the cow, and she was so greedy, and overhearing she brought a [?] with her to see would the cow keep milking until she would fill the riddle, and of course, as quick as she was milking the cow the milk was running out of the riddle, but she kept on milking and milking, and the riddle was empty.Poor Saint Monaghan could not be always [?] working who was milking her as many used

She would give them milk. There was no limit to the amount of money she has. Then Saint Monaghan was indeed very good to the poor, and he would give all of them permission to milk her any time they would want milk.
Well Rich and poor went to milk her. And she gave milk to them, and no matter how long they would keep milking her she would give them milk. And indeed the poor people of the town would go to milk her after [?], because they were unable to buy

It was worked by a Scotch man named Gilbert. It was working for over a hundred years. One day a fire broke out and burned it to cinders and it was never put up after that.
Another old man in this district named Peter Quigley told me of a man named Michael Kelly. He was a great basket and creel maker. He got much money for making creels and baskets. He used to go around from house to house making creels and baskets for anyone who wanted them make and that is how he made his living from. He was also a great thatcher. Everybody who wanted creels and baskets made.
Another great thatcher who lived in this district was Mick McGettrick. He could thatch a house by standing on the ground. He was one of the best thatchers in his day

penalty of the Law - execution for her murder. One was a gentleman lover and the other his boatman. the remains of the former lie in Crecora Churchyard, within the precincts of some ruins. This gentleman belonged to a family who held influence in those far off days. Consequently his body must have been allowed to his friends for private interment.
Thoumpeen na Wellina lies in the farm of Mr. Ned Lane. Where the "Colleen Bawn" used to visit was close to the little stream near Pat Keating's house.

is not greater respect and protection for these ancient graves.
This landmark lies about 500 yards from the place where Ellen Hanly (The Colleen Bawn) lived with her uncle temporaily.
It was there Captain Scanlan first met his bride. The unhappy ending of both has been immortalised in the dramatic story of the "Colleen Bawn" by Gerald Griffin.
The principal characters in the play have assumed names, but the author founded his story on the romantic touch attached to the life of the "Colleen Bawn."
She lies in Burrane Churchyard, inn West Clare, quite close to the banks of the River Shannon where her body was washed up by the tide.
Two men paid the extreme

the geese- You did not buy the ganders and I have brought you all the geese that were in the flock yesterday"
"Clever fellows," said Dan "You win this time" and he laughed heartily at being caught so badly.

Daniel O'Connell was coming from Cork to his home in Cahirchivean [?] in his carriage. He met a boy driving a flock of geese. Dan thought he would like a goose for the Christmas. He asked the boy if he would sell him the geese. The boy said "yes" and they agreed on a price and he paid him there and then - the boy to take him the geese the next day.
Next morning the boy got up and picked out ganders which he kept for himself and drove the geese to Dan's home. Dan was told the geese had arrived and he at once noticed that the flock was smaller than it was the day before. He counted them and then he was certain that they were not all in it. He asked the boy where were the rest of the flock. Did he not buy so may from him on the previous day. Oh no, Mister, you bought only

Long ago the way people used to make bricks here was; they used to dig off the black earth of a field now called the "Hay Seed-Field" in JohnM. O'Brien's Farm in Listellick. They used to keep digging off the black earth or surface until they reached the yellow earth.
Then they dug up the yellow earth and they carefully picked out all the small stones and gravel. Then they spread and this yellow earth fairly thick and they poured water on it at the same time mixing it well with their shovels until it was plastic like mortar. Then they put it into brick moulds and spread it around the field to dry.
When it was dry they made little heaps of it and then kilns. The way kilns were made was. They would make two walls of the brick about 20 feet long 1/2 foot wide and 5 feet high, then they used to cover in the space between the two walls with a roof of brick. They used to close up all openings with mortar. Underneath this arch they used to light turf fires. When the brick was well burned it was drawn into Tralee and sold to a Mr. O'Donovan who lived in the Square there. The price the people used to get from him was 6/- per hundred (cut). The great brick maker of this district was George Lucid.

Years ago whip-making was carried out here in the town of Tralee. the thongs made of leather tanned out of horses hide. The leash was composed of seven long thin tough strips woven together. The crop or handle was made of holly or hickory. The leash was then attached to the crop or handle.

Years ago people had to make there own candles. There was a great candle-maker at the bottom of Rock Street, Tralee. She lived in the house now occupied by the Lee Strand Creamery. Her name was Mrs Wallace. She employed a number of men and she gave them 11- per day as pay.
The candle moulds were made of tin and they were the shape of a candle. The tallow was first melted and rendered into liquid and it was then poured into the moulds and left there until it was set. Before being poured into the moulds, a piece of cotton thread was held from top and the bottom through the middle of the mould. This was afterwards used as the wick.
Those home made candles did not last as long not did they give as good light as the present day candles. Before that time people used splinters off dry dog deal [?] which one of the members of the house held while the other members were eating their supper during the winter.

snowing since he left and he went into the house and he asked his wife what happened since he left and the woman told him that she let a fly fall into the flour and she went to sieve and the wind blew away the flour she could not get any of it gathered up. The man was very angry and he did not know what to do for he had no money to buy anything and he went out and he looked at the cow for it was all he could.
So he went for a butcher and he got him to kill the cow and he got the cow killed he had to give the half of the cow and the poor man had nothing left for himself and the next day the man went to his work and he told his wife to cut apiece for nenct [?] every heart of kale and the woman went out and left a piece of beef at every heart of kale and when he came home he asked his dinner of beef. for The woman went out to get the beef and she came without it the and she said to the man what she had done and that the dogh had it eaten and the

Hallow Eve
On November day the old people observed similar customs to those observed on the New Years day or May day. The don't throw out dirty water, ashes or any refuse on this day as they consider it very unlucky to do so. As on May Eve they make provision for the following day by emptying all ashes, refuse etc on the Hallow-Eve so that the necessity may not arise to throw out (anything on) any of the luck on November Day. The old people said that those who treated this custom with contempt were very unlucky in their

morrow.
Arrah! says Jack "what would take the like of me there?" It would fit me better to be watching the cows."
Jack took his supper and went to bed. He set off the next morning with his cows and drove them into the orchards. He went into the castle, dressed himself in a suit of armour and mounted a white steed.
He rode off to the lough and he made them let down the chair. He laid his head on her knee and she wakened him when the storm rose on the lough.
They fought all day and Jack cut the worm into pieced with his sword.
When he was leaving, the princess pulled off, Jack's shoe, and she said she would marry no man only the man the boot would fir.
When Jack got home with his

he would leave his head on her knee and for her to waken him when the storm would rise on the lough. When the storm rose on the lough, she wakened Jack and he mounted his steed with a sword in his hand. Jack fought the worm till sunset and drove it back into the lough and left the lough red with its blood. He rode off and left the ones who tried to follow far behind.
When he got to the castle he put on his own clothes and went home with his cows.
"Sit down Jack," says the old farmer, "for I have a great story to tell you to-night."
"There came a great gentleman there to-day dressed in a suit of armour and mounted on a bay steed and he fought the worm and beat it back into the lough and left the lough red with blood. You should go to see the finish of the fight to

I have a great story to tell you the night."
"It seems that a young gentleman came and fought the worm and beat it back into the lough and left the lough red with its blood, and he saved the king's daughter for the day. Jack it would be worth your while to go to the lough to see the big fight to-morrow between the two.
Arrah! says Jack, "What would take me there? It would fit me better to watch my cows."
So Jack went to bed. When he got his breakfast he set off with his cows. He went into the castle and put on a suit of armour and mounted a bay steed. He rode off to the lough.
When he got there they had the princess on the chair ready to throw her into the worm's mouth. Jack told her to come down and that he

Jack told then to let down the chair, and he would leave his head on her knee and for her to waken him when she would see the storm rising on the lough. When the storm rose on the lough she awakened Jack. He took his sword and mounted his steed, and he and the worm began a combat, and they fought till the sun set. Jack beat it back into the lough and left the lough red with its blood.
Jack turned and rode off. They ran after him to see who he was but he left them all behind.
When he got to the castle he dressed himself in his own clothes and went of with his cows.
He was about to go to bed when the old farmer told him to come up to the fire for that he had a great story to tell him that night.
"Jack" he says, "sit down for

and see it.
"Arrah!" says Jack "what would take the like of me there. It would fit me better to watch my cows."
Jack took his supper and went to bed. After he awakened out of his first sleep the pair was still sitting at the fire. Jack asked them what was keeping them up.
"O!" says the farmer, "None of the giants came out to-night so they must be coming to kill us."
"Go to your beds," says Jack "for their bellies are too full and they are not able to come out. So the pair went to bed.
Jack got up the next morning and got his breakfast. So he set off with his cows, and he drove them into the cone of the giants' orchards.
He went into the castle and dressed himself in a suit of armour and mounted a white steed. He went onto the lough where the worm was to rise. When he got there they had the princess up on a chair ready to through her into the worm's mouth.

voice he did all these feats.

Stack. Starlings build their nests in the side of a Clift or in the hole of a tree.
When we see a lot of Starlings in November we know we will have a bad Winter.
King Fishers are the nicest of all birds. They have every colour feathures on them. They always stay near a river and they make their nest on the bank.
Cranes are very tall birds with long beaks and legs. They live on fish they always stay near a river or pool.
There are different Finches such as Bull Finches, Chaffinches and Gold Finches. Gold Finches are the only one of the Finches that are able to sing. People cage them.
Pigeons and Magpies are the most careless of all birds for making nests.
Yellow Hammers are nice birds although they are not able to sing. They usually nest in thick bushes.
Water Hens, wild ducks and geese build their nest in the bank of a river or lake.
Robins are very nice birds.

Holy wells are very numerous in some places, but we have very few around Ballymote. In a few places where there are wells it is said that Saints when journeying around rested beside them but we have no proof and the old people have no stories connected with them.
In a field in Emlagh about a mile from Rathmullen there is a well called St Brigids Well. Long ago the people around visited that well to pray. Nowadays the lands around it are private and people do not wish to trespass. The field in which the well is belongs to Protestants. A story is told that one Friday a member of the family was boiling meat for the dinner. She brought water from this well and put it in the pot but if it was on the fire fir ever it would not boil.

O’Donell of Drymills, Irishtown could jump a small river.

If a person had big-turned out feet, he was nicknamed ‘shaven shins’. If a person was going walking on a journey, it was said he was going on ‘shanks made’.
Long ago the ailments of the feet, were not so prevelant as now-a-days, for the simple reason that they did not wear boots all the year round. They believed in being barefooted on the bog, that the bog water used to clean, the old Kelly skin on their feet together with corns, kerthaun [?] bunions and in-growing nails. The people in those days had such strong sound feet, that they were nearly thorn-proof. In the winter-time of the year, when they would be wearing brogue shoes or clogs, and take corns or kerthauns they used to put ivy-leaf and a piece of bacon on them, and some used to pare them with a razor, if they had scalded ties, they used to hear the leg of the tongs in the fire, and run it between their toes.
In olden times, there were shoe-marchers around who could make boots. All they needed was to take the measure of the feet. They would get the leather in the nearest town. The shoe-makers from this district got their leather in the tan-yard in Longford. They would sometimes make boots and bring them in creels to sell them.

This song of the meadow’s blithe spirit Thro’ the summer and autumn is heard. Crake, crake, crake,
All night until morning peep,
Bidding the mower from slumber awake,
And forth to the meadow himself betake,
Till she sinks herself to sleep.The Swan
The Swan nests at the edge of river, of seeds and twigs, or any material of the sort available, it never seems to have got enough and is always adding material. The eggs, the largest laid by any bird are of a pale grey-green with a rough shell, they vary in number according to the age of the female producing them. Swan’s eggs may be found in March, but often the date is later; the bird does not lay till at least two years old.
The male swan bravely guards his mate’s nest, and also assists her in protecting the “cygnets” which are hatched after six weeks’ sitting , and usually show an ash- great colour in the down.

you." "I have my trade" said the son.
Last day when the father went to work he said the boy was back, and that he had his trade.
O'Donoghue only too anxious to get rid of the thief said he must prove it, and ordered him to get the son to steal the horses from his ploughman, who would be armed, or if not he would deal with him.
O Bill thinking the son would be shot went home in sorrow, and broke the news to him. 'Let not that trouble you father" said the boy "for I can do it."
Last day Líam óg the went to the place where the horses were ploughing. He took with him some rabbits, and left them one by one in over the fence to the ploughman, who ran after them and went to call the dogs. Meanwhile Líam óg took home the horses to O Donoghue.
Next day O Donoghue told the father that he was not yet satisfied that the boy knew his trade so he said he should take horses from the stable which would be well guarded.
The father again went home very sad and made known his mission to the son, saying "You will be surely shot this time."
The son replied saying "I will easily manage

you." "I have my trade" said the son.
Last day when the father went to work he said the boy was back, and that he had his trade.
O'Donoghue only too anxious to get rid of the thief said he must prove it, and ordered him to get the son to steal the horses from his ploughman, who would be armed, or if not he would deal with him.
O Bill thinking the son would be shot went home in sorrow, and broke the news to him. 'Let not that trouble you father" said the boy "for I can do it."

you." "I have my trade" said the son.
Last day when the father went to work he said the boy was back, and that he had his trade.
O'Donoghue only too anxious to get rid of the thief said he must prove it, and ordered him to get the son to steal the horses from his ploughman, who would be armed, or if not he would deal with him.

you." "I have my trade" said the son.
Last day when the father went to work he said the boy was back, and that he had his trade.
O'Donoghue only too anxious to get rid of the thief said he must prove it, and ordered him to get the son to steal the

You Monaghan sportsmen I pray you draw near.
In these simple verses the truth you shall hear.
The deeds of a hero reared near Ballybay.
And they call him Hugh Jackson I hear people say.
II
His mills, kilns and barns they cut a fine show.
His cloth from the North to the city does do.
For bleaching and lapping he exceeds them all.
And he is best approved of in the linen hall.
III
Now more of his praises I mean to begin.
Kind muses assists me to speak of

morning to 6 o'clock in the evening with two breaks in between - breakfast and dinner.
Breakfast was at eight o'clock consisting of potatoes and sour skimmed milk. Dinner about 1 o'clock - potatoes and sour skimmed milk. The milk given to the workmen was skimmed twice by the farmers before it was given to the men. They drank out of wooden vessels having one handle called "piggins". Tin saucepans were used as drinking vessels too.
When potatoes used to get scarce towards the end of the year the men used to get stirabout and sour skimmed milk. The meal was allowed to cook all night so as to have it ready for breakfast next morning. The labouring men worked for about 6d. per day. The farmer employer supplied two meals breakfast and dinner.
Potato cake called Stampy cake used to be baked on a griddle, something like a frying pan. It used also be baked in an oven. The potatoes for the Stampy Bread used have to be grated first and the grating was done with a homemade tin grater. The grated potatoes were then mixed with yellow meal. Then meal used be sieved first and the fine stuff used then be mixed with the potatoes.

The potatoes were almost a failure when Parnell brought the champions from America. Potatoes were distributed for seed from the Unions and those who got them got some years to pay for them. These potatoes were very good when planted first as regards quality and quantity. One days's digging - about 10 hours - produced three heaped horse butts per man.
The men had to work from 6 o'clock in the

a few turnips out of his field. He took her before a magistrate who sentenced her to transportation to Botany Bay, Sydney, Australia. The girl was never heard of afterwards.
Several persons died in this district of starvation and fever. Three persons named O'Rourke, Gortmore, Banteer, a poor family, died of hunger at that time. They were buried in a small haggard near Fman[?] Bridge. That field is since known as O'Rourke's Tilled field.

bed, and do that until you have the four of them into bed. Gobs are small stones.3. The robbers= Two girls will decide on two objects, and then a crowd of girls will pass under their crossed hands, and they will ask the last one which object she will have, and which ever one she will have, and which ever one she will have to go behind her back, and they will continue until the game is finished, and then they will have tug-a-war.
The Song
"Here is the robbers coming through.
Coming through.
Coming through.
Here is the robbers coming through

1. Here is Jerry for you= light a stick in the fire, and give it to each person and let them say "Here is Jerry for you, what did Jerry do on you. If Jerry dies between your hands all the weight is on you. If the stick quenches in your hand you will be cheered.2. Gather the chickens to bed= Put four gobs between your fingers. Throw up one, and while that will be going up put a chicken to

used to kill them. Turnips, and cabbage were the only vegetables at that time.
Very few people ate late at night, as they could not afford the food.
They used the same food during the year except at Christmas. Tea was a great varity to them as they only drank it at Christmas.
They had no light except a splinter of bog-deal lightening in the corner. They made candles from the tallow of the goats.
When tea first came to the country, they made the tea and strained it, and instead of drinking the tea they threw it away, and ate the tea leaves.

three meals in the day, breakfast, dinner, and supper, 9 o'clock for breakfast, 2 o'clock for dinner, and 7 o'clock for supper. People used to work from six to nine before getting their breakfast.
They used to eat bread in morning, and potatoes for dinner, and supper. Poor people had to do with potatoes for every meal, as tea was scarce at that time. Sour milk they usually drank. The table was pulled out in centre of the floor, and the people sat round it.
Yellow meal bread was generally used at that time. It was made with boiling hot water. Very little meat was eaten as the people couldn't afford to buy it. Anybody that could afford to kill a pig, or a cow

The wee man told him to go home with the other cows, not to be afraid and tell his master what had happened, and to come back next evening to the same place, and tell him if his master said anything to him. The wee man siad that tomorrow evening he would get him the cow he had lost ten years ago, though she was drowned in the hole.
Pat went home, and told his master about the cow being drowned in the hole and the master said it could not be helped for it was only the second cow he lost during the twenty years in his service. he went next day to the same place, and the wee man asked him did his master say anything to him for losing the cow and Pat told him what his master said, and the wee man said "I told you that" and he set the table the same as before and told Pat to eat drink and be merry. He then drove up the two cows one of which was lost ten years, and the other which he lost the day before. Pat thanked the little man and drove the cows home, and when his master came out he did not believe it. The master bought a new suit of clothes for him, gave him money, and willed him the house

my master's cows. All at once a wee man dressed in red appeared and asked him what was the matter. Pat said he lost his way through the hills and lost his master's cows also. The wee man said, "Don't worry, Pat, the mist will clear away and your cows are all right, except one which is drowned in the hole below that well, and he told Pat to not worry. The wee man asked Pat was he hungry and Pat said no, he was in more bother about his master's cows.
The wee man set a table of all dainties he could have on it. When Pat saw it he smacked his lips. Then up in big red letters he saw this written, "Don't taste any of these things on this table. Pat did not know what to do. Then the wee man disappeared and re-appeared and set another table, and put up blue letters. Eat, taste and drink all things here no harm will come to you. Then Pat sat down, ate a good meal and thanked God when he was finished. The wee man appeared to him again and asked him was he satisfied with the meal he got. The man was thinking about going home without the cow, and said he would lose his job.

First the briar-tops were got and boiled in clean water. Then the juice was strained off and the wool was put into this. When the wool was of a green colour it was taken out and washed and dried and spun. The cabbage leaves were pulled and cleaned first. Then they were boiled in clean water and it was boiled again. Then (when) it had taken a bright green colour. The soot had a different method than any of the other plants. The soot was tied in a muslin bag which was put into clean water. Then the wool was put in and it was let boil for a half an hour. Then at that time the wool had a dark brown colour. Then the wool was taken out and washed and dried and then it was spun into socks and jumper. The soot gave a dark brown. Crottle was also put in a muslin bag which in turn was put into clean water. Then the wool was put into the water and all was boiled together. This wool was boiled in potash and water so that is would take a good dye. The wool was let boil in the water and crottle for a good space of time and when it had taken a dark yellow dye it was taken out and washed and before it was spun it was oiled. The people long ago also dyed wool with nettles. First the wool was put into water and potash and it was boiled for some length so that it would take a

The shoemaker and his wife were sitting round the fire one November's night discussing the ways of the world and themselves. "Do you know who is making the shoes for us," inquired his wife. "I have not an idea." answered the shoemaker, but whoever it is may God bless him.
"It is often I thought we would wait up and see who is making the shoes for us." she said. 'It is often I thought so myself." answered the shoemaker. "We will stay up to-night." replied the woman. "Alright" said the shoemaker.
The room door was opposite the middle of the kitchen. It was in the kitchen the shoemaker had his bench. "We will go down in the room. We will leave the door opened and we will hang a cloth on the door and we can look out under it and see what will happen, if the person who is making the shoes comes" said the woman. They did

shoes that the shoemaker had, suited them. They bought them and they paid the shoemaker well for them. They admitted that they never saw better shoes than them.
The shoemaker thanked God that he was lucky. He proceeded to the town again and he brought as much leather as would make four pairs of shoes. He did not retire that night until he cut out as much leather as would make four pairs of shoes.
When he got up next morning there were four pairs of shoe on the bench before him. People came into the house on that day also and they bought the shoes from the shoemaker and they paid him well for them. The shoemaker's good reputation spread throughout the country and people came from far and wide buying his shoes. He became a wealthy man and after a few years he was respected in every place he went.

The man drew out his knife and stuck her with it. She craves him to take it out but he refused. The next morning he got the knife stuck in the tree, and if he had drawn it out of her again, she would have killed him.

Crannyorster old lane which passes through the Glebe farm is said to have been enchanted. One night a village man was going on a céilidh to his neighbour, to talk about the local news. When he was coming home he saw a woman sitting on the top of a large tree and was greatly frightened. He told a good friend about what he saw. This friend advised him to get a knife made with the blacksmith, and if he could get it made with three heats in it, he would put her away very soon. He went to the blacksmith and got it made. He was to have it made under three heats in the fire but not over it. He got it made at once and went with it to his neighbour the following night. He was riding on his black horse. When he was coming home through the lane he saw her again on the tip-top of the tree. She jumped down and got up behind on the horse.

In his shoe and when he would be comming out he would put it right in so they could not trace him going in. The castle was burned in nineteen twenty one. There is one hundred and forty acres in the demance. There was three hundred and sixty five rooms in the castle. There was a lot of gate houses at it which are still there. There were people yet who say that the landlord did good to the country. The Black and Tans burned it. There was no battles fought on them. My great grandfather was evicted out of his house and given a small farm and a we thatched house at the back of the hills. The house he lived at first was given to an English man.

Long ago it was in ridges they set potatoes with three sciolláns in the width. They also used lime ad manure like seaweed or farmyard manure to put on potatoes. They used timber ploughs to turn the ground but they only use iron ploughs now. They cut the sciolláns out of seed potatoes where there were eyes. They kinds of potatoes that were therefore champions, Turns, British and Queens, Epicures, Arran Banners, Kerr Pinks and Stouters. The stutters were the earliest potatoes and long ago the champions seed was the best. People made starch from potatoes. they grated them and put them steeping over night and then they strained the potato pieces off and what was in the bottom they used it as starch. they also made potatoes cakes with flour and potatoes mixed and they made sreaimpi [?] from potatoes long ago. They used no spraying until after the year eighteen- forty-seven. The people made pits in which to keep potatoes. They first dig a little of the ground and they put the potatoes into the hole so made and they covered them with pieces of surface skin which were called "scravi" [?] and they sometimes left them rest there

The "Monuments" are situated in the townland of Sunnaghmore and in the Parish of Cloone. This road was direct from Cloone to Carrigallen. It is the most straight and hilly road on the map.
The "monuments" derive its name from the following story. In the year of '98 when the French were fighting in defence of the Irish against England, the french on their way to Ballinamuck's famous battle camped at Cloone. As one of the french soldiers, a sharp shooter was standing on Cloone green he perceived an English officer riding a horse up this hill, The sharp shooter then pointed his rifle towards the officer and shot the horse and wounded the rider. He died from his wounds and was buried in a field nearby. The monument was raised over his grave. This officer was on his way with a message to Clooncorrey Castle Carrigallen. In recent years a farmer who was tilling this field found the skeleton of this officer. He fixed back the grave and

R. A little white and round house and it is full of meat.
But has no doors or windows to let me in to eat?
A. An egg.R. Why is a bad boy like a postage stamp?
A. Because one goes on with a lick and the there goes on with the stick.R. What does a girl always look for but does not hope to find it?
A. A hole in her stockingR. Why is A like dinnertime?
A. Because it is in the middle of day.R. What is neither right nor fair?
A. A black man's foot.

R. As I went through the slippy gap,
I met a bull and he was black.
He stuck, and I flung.
If you had been there to see the fun?
A. A thorn in my foot.R. Why does a hen pick a pot?
a. Because she cannot lick it.R. What is the difference between a white hen and a black one?
A. A black hen can lay a white egg, and a white hen can not lay a black one.R. Where is a pig the roundest?
A. When it is salted in the barrel.R. How could you compare a flea with a train?
A. Because they both run on sleepers.R. What is the difference between a flea and a snail?
A. A snail creeps on its own belly, and a flea does not care whose belly it creeps on.

In olden times there were no candles as there are now, but still the people were not without light. They used to go make their own candles, In every house at that time there was a candlepan and a shape.
This is how the people used to make tallow candles. First they got the candlepin and shape, which the tinker made for them. Then they got a piece of lard or unsalted butter into the candlepin and then put it on the fire and let it 'rinder'. When it was rindered' they got the shape, which was the shape of a candle itself. Then they had a wick, which they spun from flax. The people put this wick in the centre of the shape. There was always a knot in the end of the wick and a hole also in the bottom of the shape.

family is still living in Letterkenny and many people have gone to him, to have had their sores healed. His name is Mac. Manus. He rub the sorest twelve o'clock midnight. He takes a sixpence and rubs it on the sores and when he is finished rubbing, he gives the sixpence to the person he had rubbed, and tells him to keep the coin about him and the sore will go away. There is a lady who got her sore rubbed by him, and after a while she lost the sixpence and the sore came back again bad as ever.
The old people say that when toothache (that when) was very bad the person who was suffering got a frog, and chewed it's head off, and afterwards the toothache went away.
There is a plant which grows on sides of houses called Houseleek, and people used to rub the juice of it on sore eyes, and their eyes were cured. It was also rubbed on sores, and on cuts on the hands, to heal them.

Each one tries to repeat the words as quickly as possible and get rid of the splinter, but the end has come the glow dies, and the possessor of the splinter must pay forfeit, generally one or two light steps, or any other such punishment decided on by the majority. The forfeit being paid, the splinter is relighted and the games goes on as before.

those two places and the Irish man said "yes" so he said tell me no more about Ireland as that's enough.
During the massacre of the holy innocents and also during the famine times quite a number of infants were buried at many of our crossroads. It was a great custom in olden times and in some up to the present day to hold dances at the cross roads and it's often in olden times there used to be about one hundred or a couple of hundred people assembled at these dances which was called a pattern. Nowadays all these practices have died away and its to Dance halls you shall see all the young boys and girls going

Close to where I live there is a town land called Dreenaspegue and there is a bye road branching off to it from the public road. Dreenaspegue was a very poor place in olden times and there is a Mass rock to be still seen in the spot. There is a story relating to Dreenaspegue and another town land names Carng na Caolreig.
Long ago an Irish man went over to Denmark and he took up his lodgings. One night with a (and) Dane. The man asked how was Ireland and he said it was we'll so he asked him if they were paying rent for

Wheaten bread was generally eaten. Meat or fish was not often eat. People usenet eat late at night. Certain kinds of food was eaten on certain occasions. On Christmas night tea was drank and homemade bread was eaten.
Certain customs were attached to feast days. On Easter Sunday bring they used to go to first Mass and when they would come home they would boil a to of potatoes and the same amount of eggs to eat.
Tea was never used only on Christmas Night. When it first came in use it was boiled in a pot and the leaves were eaten. Before cups became common the vessels they used were earthenware which are still to be seen in most parts of Ireland.
On Christmas barn-bracks, pudding and other novelties were

7-3-1938
It was the 24th of June. Pat Cannavan from Killedon and his wife were visiting in their friends house in Altinea. It was two o'clock in the night when they were coming home.
When they were passing by Finlinn they heard a noise and on looking up they perceived a huge light in the air and a crowd of people dancing round it all dressed in white.
When they came near the forge, where Michael Mac Nicholas shop and house is now situated, they saw a woman crossing the road whom they know to be dead and buried a few years since.
When they were passing by the forge they saw the sparks going out the chimney. They heard the hammer hammering on the angel as firm as though it was the blacksmith himself that was working.
They hurried pass the

It was the 24th of June. Pat Cannavan from Killedon and his wife were visiting in their friends house in Altinea. It was two o'clock in the night when they were coming home.
When they were passing by Finlinn they heard a noise and on looking up they perceived a huge light in the air and a crowd of people dancing round it all dressed in white.
When they came near the forge, where Michael Mac Nicholas shop and house is now situated, they saw a woman crossing the road whom they know to be dead and buried a few years since.
When they were passing by the forge they saw the sparks going out the chimney. They heard the hammer hammering on the angel as firm as though it was the blacksmith himself that was working.
They hurried pass the

A good character is better than a good fortune.
A lie has no legs.
Laugh and the world laughs with you.
Weep and you weep alone.
Where there is a will there is a way.
A penny saved is a penny gained.
Debt is the worst kind of poverty.
It is good to begin well but better to end well.
Wide will wear, but tight will tear.
Small leaks sink great ships.
One years seeding nine years weeding.
Kind words cost us nothing.
There is many a slip between the cup and the lip.
Health is better wealth.
Do not rise too high for fear of a fall.
When the weather is clear of your cloak take care.
A slow fire makes sweet malt.
Speaking correctly if you speak at all.

of Greenfield, Kanturk used to make wheels in his own house, and he was supposed to be the best in his day for making them.
The O'Connells of Bluepool, Kanturk were nail-makers, and made all kinds of nails.
Mr. James Thornton of Percival Street, Kanturk had a lime kiln in Ballintubber, Kanturk and it supplied the whole town with lime.
Mrs Mary MacAuliffe of Upper Bluepool, Kanturk known as "Mary Johnny" made butter in her own house.

Basket-making, spinning and

Back in Rosslodge in Thomas Monahan's field, there is a lichen, where small children were buried long ago, but not at all now, as there is a special place in the graveyard for them. One night, as John Walsh was passing the lichen he saw ten little children dressed as for Holy Communion. He moved near them ad the next thing he saw was ten white coffins, and as he came nearer to them he could see nothing but all bushes around. This could be about forty years ago.

back in Rosslodge in Thomas Monahan's field, there is a lichen, where small children were buried long ago, but not at all now, as there is a special place in the graveyard for them. One night, as John Walsh was passing the lichen he saw ten little children dressed as for Holy Communion. He moved near them ad the next thing he saw was ten white coffins, and as he came nearer to them he could see nothing but all bushes around. This could be about forty years ago.

lucky to have one always with cows.
If you happened to go into a house where a churn would be making, you should give the churn a few twists, or to strike a few strokes of the "lornnrice" [?] (churn-staff) before going out, fearing you would carry the butter with you. "Put the big of your head in the churn", you'd be told by the woman of the house.
Everyone at that time would keep a bit of may day butter in the house as a cure for many diseases and sores. In most cases where a sore leg or hand or bad boil was cured, you would be told "A bit of mayday butter I put to it."
After we marrying here, we were joined in butter with Seán's mother over there, and indeed they had but the grass of six cows, and we were milking eleven and she had twice our butter. We often remarked the loads of

Denis Bowler aged 86 tells the following:- "As far as my memory goes and that's a long time, the custom was in it," he said, "that every farmer should nail the door of his cow house on May night or if he didn't some bad neighbour may come like a thief that night and do something that would leave you without milk or butter for the year. The devil a man would leave his cows out next morning without making a cross with the " buabeach" (cow-dung) on the back of each cow as a guard against the charm setters.
Any farmer would not like to give away milk or butter on May-day because "you would not know" who you may be giving it to; it may be some person with the bad intention.
They say the Pipéoig cannot be worked on a goat and that it is very

The Dip Candle was so called because it was continuously being 'dipped' in the process of making. Over a caldron of boiling tallow a revolving circular "table" was suspended, the edge of which "lapped" over the cauldron. "Wicks" were suspended from rollers arranged as radii of the circular "table". The table was revolved, the wicks being dipped when passing over the boiling tallow. The tallow quickly dried on the wick and by the time each wick reached the cauldron a second time it was quite dry and firm on it. This process was continued until the required thickness of tallow was "collected" on

Many industries were carried on some years ago in this district. There was a woollen mill in Washford where woollen goods were made on the ha d looms. The mill is now practically a ruin as the slates were taken off the building and sold 1936. Up to that it was in fairly good repair through the machinery was long gone. There was a corn mill in Tinnetick and another in a Clynan, in which oats and wheat was ground. A family in Puttingham named Rabbit used to spin and weave their own woollen goods.
There is a Cooper still living in Painstown Ratheonrath. He makes wooden vessels with hops on them such as churns, keepers and tubs. Earlier than that he and his fore-fathers made wooden buckets, noggins, and wooden-plates. Some of these wooden plates are still in use for butter in the district.
Bricks were made by hand in Ballincurra long ago. The man who owned the bog at that time was Colonel Digby. The houses around here are nearly all built with the bricks made there. The pit from which the clay used to be

Many industries were carried on some years ago in this district. There was a woollen mill in Washford where woollen goods were made on the ha d looms. The mill is now practically a ruin as the slates were taken off the building and sold 1936. Up to that it was in fairly good repair through the machinery was long gone. There was a corn mill in Tinnetick and another in a Clynan, in which oats and wheat was ground. A family in Puttingham named Rabbit used to spin and weave their own woollen goods.
There is a Cooper still living in Painstown Ratheonrath. He makes wooden vessels with hops on them such as churns, keepers and tubs.

Many industries were carried on some years ago in this district. There was a woollen mill in Washford where woollen goods were made on the ha d looms. The mill is now practically a ruin as the slates were taken off the building and sold 1936. Up to that it was in fairly good repair through the machinery was long gone. There was a corn mill in Tinnetick and another in a Clynan, in which oats and wheat was ground. A family in Puttingham named Rabbit used to spin and weave their own woollen goods.
There is a Cooper still living in Painstown Ratheonrath. He makes wooden vessels with hops on them such as churns, keepers and tubs.

Situated to the rear of Emby village. Supposed to be the site of Emby’s old cathedral.
A huge rock covers it’s supposed position.
Many legends speak of its supposed removals from place to place, but none are very authentic.

People of this district did not play a prominent par in this movement. Still some members survived until a few years ago.

This was formerly a castle of the O’Hurleys. Local tradition has it that the last O’Hurley to inhabit this stronghold, used to hang the Gaels from the ramparts of the castle. The old people say that he met with a terrible death. The O’Hurleys owned all the Knocklong district.

This was formerly a castle of the O’Hurleys. Local tradition has it that the last O’Hurley to inhabit this stronghold, used to hang the Gaels from the ramparts of the castle. The old people say that he met with a terrible death. The O’Hurleys owned all the Knocklong district.

My father usually sows about an acre of potatoes every year. The amount does not vary. The ground is not manured before being turned up. If my father were planting potatoes in leaground he would make ridges. The drills are made by opening them with a plough. When the drills are made manure is spread with graips. Then the seed is dropped a foot apart and the drills are closed with the plough. There are no wooden spades or wooden ploughs left to my knowledge. The ridges have to be planted with spades. Before the potatoes are sewn the big ones have to be cut. At least one eye must be left in every seed. People don't help one another to plant potatoes. When the potatoes come up my father put thread up in the potato field to keep the crows from eating them. Before the potatoes are threaded they have to be weeded and second clay has to be put to them. They are dug int he Autumn with spades and bought home and stored for the Winter. The local potato names are British Queens" Kerr's pinks" Aran Banners" "Leinster Wonders and Epecures
"Epecures grow best"

There is a fort in the townland of Cannee and there are a great many superstitions connected with this fort. Long ago it was the place where all the fights between the fairies used to be held and on that account was a noted fort. The old people say that there was

taking off the butter it was not like butter at all, and it was all feathers. He passed no remarks and used to eat the butter the same as usual. He then boiled the hen and had her for his chimney [?] day. This was the way this poor man lived all his life.
When he would be going to bed at night he would boil potatoes, cabbage and bacon, pepper and salt all together and eat eat that at his supper. He used to eat the whole lot that night, and get up again in the morning as fresh as ever. He lived till eighty five, and was very young looking.

There is a church in ruin in Kilquane and is known as St. Quan's Church. It was formerly a Friary and was founded by St. Quan. This was destroyed in the 17th century and was never repaired. Attached to the church is an old graveyard long since fallen into disuse as a burying place. At the opposite side of the road is the Sinners' Stones and is known as cloi na bpeacaig. The stone lies in the church field which has been disservered by running the road through it. In the next field to the church is a round tumulus and is said to have been the burial place of the Friars. This field is called the Friars Garden. In the river near Kilquane Church is a deep hole in which it is said a great eel sojourns and occasionally goes to the land for recreation.

beside it where the old people used go to sweat themselves for pains in the olden times.
There is another sweat house in Reynolds field of Cavan along the brink of the Eslin river.

The only old monument in this district is called the old people Grainnes bed but in reality it is a dolmen.
It is situated on the side of Cloonfannon hill in the parish of Bornacoola in a field now owned by Patrick McGuinness of Lougherill.
This monument is composed of three large stones two which stand on their ends in the ground and the other goes across on top which is a huge big slab this upper stone has fallen and is now lying slanted and I have seen it myself.
It is supposed the old people thought there was gold under those stones and that they have dug under the in effort to get it, and this is why the upper stones has fallen.
The height of the standing stones are about three feet high and about two feet wide.
There is a Sweat House

There was usually a bed in the kitchen and under it the ducks slept.
The fire-place was situated in the wall between the room and the kitchen and the front of the (kitchen) chimney was made of wattles and clay.
In former times the windows used in the houses were made of wood in the shape of little doors hung on hinges.
The floors were made of clay and flags, half doors were very common in the olden times and are to day. When turf was scarce timber was used and bog sod.

Some people say that potatoes grow better in ridges dan in drills. There are five sods ploughed first and then they are three ranks of potatoes sowing down along the five sods, they are sowing with a spade, and after they are set, there are furrows made between every two ridges with a shovel, and the clay is shovelled in on top of the ridges. Later on there are more clay put on the ridges, so as the frost would not burn the plant. There hardly ever manure put in a bawn field for a year or two because the soil is too rich.
In a garden the soil is ploughed first, and then harrowed and rolled a few times, then drills are made, and then there

Potatoes are usually sowing in March, or April. Sometimes they are not sowing until May, that is if the weather is bad in march and April.
It is harder to sow potatoes in a bawn field than in a garden. The way they are sowing in a bawn field is to plough three sods first, then to lay the potatoes at the very side of the last sod that was ploughed so that the horses would not would not walk on them , and so on like that until you have them all sowing. When the potatoes are over ground they are tilled, and clay put to them so as the frost so as the frost could not burn them in the month of May.

were travelling all night but could not reach home. Instead of decreasing the distance to the house they increased it as the house was to the west of the "Pond-field" and they were travelling towards the east. When morning dawned they came into a farmers and then with the light of rising-sun they saw the name carroll on the shaft of a car. It was then they knew that they were going stray, so they retraced their steps. When they came again to the "Pond-field" they saw a hole near the hole of water. As the hole was never before seen they wondered what it was all about. They decided to explore so taking out their flash-lamps they went down the hole. They decided to explore so taking out their flash-lamps they went down the hole. They

One night two men went to a wake in Baltovin and it was very late when they were coming home. They came through the fields as the moon was shining and it was very bright. They came all night until they reached the "End-field" and they could not go anywhere after that. At last they went to the east but they thought it was the west and they

Some of the woman were carrying children by the hands and most wore scarfs round their heads. The men recognised some of their dead neighbours among them.

It is in the mire but not in the mud, it is in the water but not in the flood. It is in the church but not in the steeple. It is in the finest but not in the people? The letter "R".
Its red, its yellow, its sparkling green and the king cannot get at it or neither the Queen? A rainbow.
What do you see people drink soup with? Their eyes.
Two legs on the ground, three legs overhead and the head of the living in the mouth of the dead? A pot on a man's head.
I have a little sister dressed all in white and having a red nose, but the longer she lives the shorter she grows? A lighting candle.
If a hen and a half lay an egg and a half in a day and a half how many would a hen lay in a weekend a half? Ten and a half.
What is the hardest coat to put on? A coat of paint.
What is so round as a ball and as flat as the floor? A penny.
As I went out a slippery slat I met my uncle Davy, I cut off his head and I left his body easy. (A Bottle of Whiskey)
What walks on the ground and churns under the ground.
A man with a large sods for a pit.

pullet or a cockrel. He invariably picks 13 pullets for a woman who wants them.
When the goslings are due to come out the geese eggs are placed in warm water in a basin. If the bird is alive the egg will jump, if it remains still it is a dead bird, the rotten egg will sink to the bottom.
You must on no account wash the eggs you intend to hatch.

The different breeds of hens here are, black minorca, White Wyandota, Rhode Island Reds, Ruckies, Plymouth Rock, Panties, White Leghorns, Black Leghorns.
Calls.
Hens: Chuck, Chuck, Chuckie
Ducks: Wheet, Wheet.
Turkeys: Penny, Penny, Penny.
Geese: badar: badar.also Tegai: Tegai
A clucking hen is placed on the eggs to be hatched, she sits on hen-eggs for three weeks, duck eggs four weeks, goose eggs four weeks and turkey eggs four weeks. the young chickens are given oaten meal and water, nettles are boiled for the young turkeys.
If you put down a sitting of eggs at night you will have all cockerels, if in the daylight you will have a mixed flock. A man here named Foster Gardiner picks sittings of eggs to hatch for all the woman in the townland. He holds the egg up with his hand shading the top of it at the kink in the partly open door. He can tell the egg that will produce a bird and not alone that but whether the bird will be a

10 PM they began the work. [?] went all night until they reached a large flagstone. Just as they were about to raise it they were terrified by the furious roaring of a bull. They also heard the rattling of chains. Needless to say they fled, glad to have escaped with their lives.
We are told that one of the men lost his speech for some time.

Galbally is situated in the Barony of Castlea County of Limerick, eight miles south south-west from Tipperary town, on the road to Mitchelstown. The ancient town of Galbally was situated at the head of the Glen of Aherlow which being the only pass into Tipperary from the northern and eastern parts of Cork, and the western parts of Limerick was frequently contested by the rival chieftains, but remained for more than 300 years in he possession the O'Briens and Fitzgeralds.
An Abbey for Franciscian Friars was founded in Galbally in 1204 by Donagh Cairbre [?] O'Brien Prince of Thomond. It flourished for over three centuries until destroyed in 1567 while Sir Henry Sydney was Viceroy.
There is a tradition [?] in the parish that treasure lies hidden near the [?] of this venerable pile.
Many attempts have been made to unearth this treasure. One night three men of the neighbourhood - Frank Cussen, Patrick O'Brien and Mullaney set out to dig for it. It was a bright moonlight night and about

eighty-four and during his life he never wore a boot or a show in any part of the year.
It was a custom with the people long ago to throw away the water that washed the feet. Boots were made and repaired locally. There were two shoemakers in this district, long ago namely Mr Herlihy and Mr Ivyers. Mr Herlihy resided in Curraheen Nt. and Mr Ivyers i Cragmore. None of their decendants were shoemakers.

toasting herself before the fire we put her out by calling out, "cutch".
The dogs which are commonly kept are sheep-dog, collie, terrier, greyhound and black cats are common in almost every household as they are considered lucky. Goats are also considered lucky to have on the farm and there is scarcely a farm in the district which has not a goat or two on it. When we get Palm on Palm Sunday a small piece of it is hung up in the cow-house and when a cow or any animal is sick it is usual to sprinkle some holy-water in the house. Horses as well as cats and dogs can be great "pets" as we have a horse at home which would not come home from Mass on Sunday if he did not get sweets. Every one of the animals is useful but the cow is the most useful of them all.

milking her, her legs are tied and the people say that the cows are fettered.
Sometimes a cow who is "roguing" is stopped by placed placing a piece of cardboard over her eyes. The horses are called by different names also, each horse has a name of its own. The horse's food consists of hay, oats, turnips and mangolds. Oats is his favourite tit-bit and he eats it out of a special bag tied around his neck.
There are various ways of calling the animals. When we are calling or hunting the goats we say "Gabhar gabhar". When we are calling the hens we say "Tuc, Tuc, Tuc" and when we are hunting them we say Hi - cearc. The call we use fort he ducks is "Weet, Weet", for the geese, Hi-ge and for the turkeys "Yib yib yib."
The cats and dogs are perhaps the most domesticated we animals we have. They have different names and when we are calling them we call them by their names or whistle for them. When we are calling the cat we say "pus puss" and when we are getting tired of Puss

The following is the list of the farm animals which we have at home. The cow, horse, goat, pig, donkey, sheep, dog, cat as well as the hens, ducks, geese, and turkeys.
The cow is perhaps the animal with which we are most familiar. At home, the cows have got different names. One is Kitty, the other is pug and they come when their names are called. The cow house which is situated a good distance away from the dwelling house is built of cement and has three doors leading into it. The doors lead into three different apartments, one to each cow. In each there is a wooden manger, and at the end of each manger there is a chain for tying the cow. It is made of iron and when it is fastened around the cows' neck it is in the shape of a "U". It is fastened by a piece of wire across the neck. These tyings are usually homemade, and are bought from the local blacksmith.
If the cow kicks, the person who is

broken, and so tries to draw intruders away from her nest.
The magpie is known by his chattering cry, belongs to the crow family. If captured young he can be full of mischief, and he is fond of carrying off and hiding bright and shining objects, such as spoons, coins and jewellery.
The water-hen builds a nest of reeds, sticks and leaves close to the waters edge. On leaving her nest, the mother covers the eggs with leaves and rushes to hide them from the crows and magpies. When startled it dives at once and often stays under the water till the danger is past, poking only her bill above water so that she may breath.

numbers of injurious insects.
The cuckoo is well known by its peculiar note from which it gets its name, is the fore-runner of Spring. Comes early in April. He leaves his eggs in the nests of other birds, such as the wagtail, or the hedge-wabler to be hatched with their brood. He seldom leaves more than one egg in a nest. The young cuckoo clears the nest of the other young birds.
The sparrow is the commonest of small birds. He does harm to young plants in Spring, yet he does more good than harm by eating vast numbers of caterpillars and moths.
The ring-dove or pigeon builds a carless nest merely a bundle of sticks placed loosely in a forked bough. These birds consume immense quantities of grain and seeds of various birds, as well as leaves of young vegetables.
The owl sees better by night than by day. She hides by day and seeks food:-small birds, mice, rats, at night. Her feathers are soft and loose and makes no noise in her flight, and can this pounce suddenly on her prey.
The black-bird is one of our best known birds. He takes his name from his plumage. The bill of the male is a bright orange coloured. He is a solitary bird being seldom seen with others of his kind. His rich mellow notes, filling the air on Summer evenings is one of the sweetest sounds in nature.
The lapwing is so called because when you approach her nest the mother bird flutters about, as if her wings were

Mr. Heirlehy told me that the Turks came to Limerick about forty years ago. They pitched their tents on the passage leading to St. Dominics Rosbrien one mile south of Limerck City. These Turks had fine bears which used to dance. One day the Turks washed one of the bears in the well. After the Turks left, Mr. Heirlehy went to see the well, and found it was dried up, and a big (ran) rat at the bottom. The rat looked up at him and then went into a hole. Mr Heirlehy went to see the well a week after and it was full of water.

Cure for Chilblains
Get three drama of Spirits of turpentine, nine drams of camphorated oil. Mix for a lineament. for an adult four drams of the former and light of the latter may be used. If the child be young, or if the chin be tender, the camphorated oil may be used without the turpentine.

Chew an ivy-leaf, and spit the juice into the cow's eye. After a few days the cow's eye will be better.

Person had chin cough, the cure was to ask a man with a white horse fir some cure. The question was “Man with the white horse what’s the cure fir chin cough” Whatever the man would say, it should be done as soon as possible. The cure they generally give is honey of the white of an egg beaten up. Another great cure they had was to eat or drink the leavings of a ferret. If it so happened that cattle got the black-quarter long ago it could be cured by garlic. The old people had a great many cures fir Rheumatism. The principal ones were to burn, the affected part of the body with nettles, to drink the juice of celery seeds

The churn we have is a barrel churn. It is shaped like a tub with the lid on. It is a foot and a half wide and about two feet in height.
The parts of the churn are the handle, the beaters and the lid. The churn is made by turning the handle. This works the beaters which are inside.
It was bought at Dr Geoghegan’s auction in Gort, about twenty- five years ago, and cost £1.

Bread. It was said that it was a great “ cure” fir those who were “sick” after the day or the night before.
Churning with an upright churn is hard work. It would put blisters on your hands. Our churn is in the house twenty- five years and is still as good as ever.
It was bought in Kilkishen (Co. Clare)

1. Throwing a herring to catch a hake
2. A bird in your fist is better than two in a bush
3. Every new broom sweeps clean.
4. Foreign cows wear long horns
5. Mind the pennies and pounds will mind themselves
6. If the pools on the road are not full before March,
7. March will not fill them.
8. An ugly foal often grew up a good horse
9. Better late than never
10. A good name is better than great riches
11. The longest way round is the shortest way home
12. Too much is as bad as too little
13. A half loaf is better than no bread.
14. It is easier to fall than to rise.
15.. a long thread is the sign of a lazy tailor.
16. There is no place like home.
17. Never put off to-morrow what you can do to-day
18. because one to-dat is better two to-morrow
19. Go to bed with the lamb and rise with the lark
20. Empty vessels make most noise
21. When the car is out the mouse can play.
22. It is difficult to put a wise head on young shoulders
23. The longer you live the more you learn
24. As bad as James is, he is better than nothing.
25. A person often cut a rod to beat himself
26. Money is easier spent than earned.

39. If a frog comes into your house it is a sign of storm.
40. A frog goes out on a road before rain.

36. When you see a robin high in a tree it is a sign of good weather but when she sits low in a tree it is a sign of rain.
37. Sheep go high up the mountain before good weather.
38. If a robin comes into a house it is a sign of storm.

31. When dust is flying off the streets rain is near.
32. Soot falling down the chimney in small lumps is a sign of rain.
33. A dog lies with its back to the fire before rain comes.
34. The cat sits on the hearth with her back to the fire when rain is near.
35. When the clouds are dark and they seem near you it is a sign of snow.

play,
The nimble foot-dancing with each cailín so hamsome,
The lovely fair creature from Miltown Malbay.
V
The standhouse was crowded with thousands about it,
The jockeys are mounted in red, white and green,
The sweet bands played muisc as the horses were seen.
VI
Sweet Miltown Malbay you're enchanted with grandeur,
I do speak with candour of your fair coloured plains,
all around your sea-coasts where strangers do visit
And all sorts of fishes for which they do remain.
VII
Your heath-covered mountains, your lakes and your fountains
So adorn these fair valleys as we pass them by,

With Harkaway and Tallyho; to Miltown races I will go
There is no spot in Ireland such sports-men can show.
Come on to the races boys and lots of fun you'll see,
Each lad and lass as they do pass are bent upon a spree.
II
The thimble-man is here in style and the wheel o'fortune too,
The three-cards and the "maggie" gun and other games in view,
Aunt Sally's here from Limerick with cups upon her head,
If you strike her in the diddy you'll surely kill her dead.
III
Now let us remember that here thus assemble
All classes united in sweet harmony,
The huntsman courageous, so noble and gracious,
And charming fair ladies of great dignity.
IV
The steeds they are prancing while the people are glancing,
The fiddle and flute some tunes they will

be time enough. "You will have to find out for me fios-bás-an-am sgéala agus an chlaidheamh soleus before a day and a year, if not, I will cut the heads off you."
The boy went home worry enough and when he sat on a chair, it broke under him. So the lady knew there was some trouble on him, and she asked him what was his trouble, and he told her.
She said she did not know anything about it, but she had three brothers at home, and that they know about fios bás an am sgéala agus an chaidheamh solus.
She took a bridle out of her pocket and she told him to go out to the stable and shake it three times, and the first pony that would put in his head in the bridle, to take him with him.
The ugliest pony put it's head in the bridle, she was called Clipóigín.
He went on her back and he never stopped until he reached France and came to the first brother's house.
He asked the man did he know about fíos an am sgéala agus an claideam solas.

crosses, Friday for losses, Saturday no dat atall.
In former years, the people getting married travelled to the church by carriage.
Itw[?], it was as (comon) common, to get married that time at night as it is presently, in the morning. The married couple used to celebrate their marriage by having breakfast at the bridegrooms home and a dance. all, All their neighbours and friends, used to attend there. They had all sorts of eatables prepared for them. They had also lemonade, and wine, for the ladies, porter and whiskey for the gentleman. Everybody that time, were patiently looking forward to a wedding feast.

Lacken Hill, Fort hill, Round HillStreams
The Silver Stream - It is called this because the water shine like silver.
The Furzy Drain - There are a lot of furze growing on it.
Blackwood River - This river is in the bog and the reason it was called that it was a wood of black oak.

Juggie's Hill - It is called that name because a man by that name lived near it.
Ryan's Hill - It is called that name because a family of Ryan's lived there.
Collected by Alice Daly (14) Ballyteague, Dainglan

The Nut Hills - There are trees of nuts growing on these hills
Collected by Kate Kilmartin Bracklin, Kilbeggan

The nut Hills - There are trees of nuts growing on these hills
Collected by Kate Kilmartin Bracklin, Kilbeggan

The Post Hill - the Post Hill is called that name because there used to be letters left on the hill for some man.
Pookhas Hill, Fureall Hill
Collected by Bill Byrne (13) Bracklin, Kilbeggan.

Fairy hill -There is a green ring on top of this hill and it is white in the centre. This hill is supposed to be connected with the fairies.

The Post Hill - the Post Hill is called that name because there used to be letters left on the hill for some man.
Pookhas Hill, Fureall Hill

The Post Hill - the Post Hill is called that name because there used to be letters left on the hill for some man.

Fairy hill -There is a green ring on top of this hill and it is white in the centre. This hill is supposed to be connected with the fairies.

the mother and she was also crying saying that the child was gone. They quickly pursued the roaring child. When Bill went over a ditch he found the child with sop of hay in its mouth. He quickly relieved the child and he was alright. He turned out a strong man. He joined the Fenians but unhappy was lost in the "Monarch'. He was taken when a child by a kidnapper who was taking children and selling them.

kicking and roaring.
There was a man called Bill Trophy travelling about this district. He was a nation of Carrickshock. He travelled from place to place carrying with him tins of medicine which he left in a special house. He travelled from house to house in the district curing sandcracks on horses hoofs, milk fever and burning asses mouth curing ringworms on cattle and people. He had a great cure for the blast in cows. He used an attempt to cure consumption which was then called the "decay". He had great cures for all blood diseases. He was very answerable to the country people in those times as there were no veterinary surgeons.
One day as he was entering a poor man's house. He got surprised at the roaring of a child and then came

of the water thrown out. She would drink three or four pints of it with a loaf of bread. "I will leave some for the next day that I will be passing she say going away from a well.
Bill the Pedlar commonly called "Yellow Bill" was a very amusing person. He had an old kicking mule called "Nancy Fair". Bill went about gathering rags, bottles and jars he would give pins, needles or plates for payment. When he entered a house. He shouted at the woman saying are you there "Yellow woman" what will you buy from me to day have you any old rags. " When he entered a house often the occupants ran away and left him the house. Then he would dance, sing and play a tin whistle. He would also make tea for himself, when he had enough eaten he ran away with the old mule

[?]. He had a pack of cards always in his pocket and if he met any four or five he took out and played a game by the rodside.
There was a man and woman called Han and Rody. They went both from Co. Wexford. They went from place to place playing music. Rody played a melodeon and Han danced at every door. Sometimes they sold brooms which they made themselves from twigs. In the evening they went to the village and drank all the money which they got all day. When Han was well drunk she would sometimes take a notion and god rain all the wells in the district with a small tin pint. Often she wet Rody to the skin. "How dare you do that to me Hannah" Rody would say. "You have it well earned after the day" was the reply. When she (was) would have a certain amount

Boys and girls find pleasure in making toys. I make toys from corks such as a pig, a fox, a rabbit, a rat and a duck and a giraffe. The body of the pig is made of

Boys and girls find pleasure in making toys. I make toys from corks such as a pig, a fox, a rabbit, a rat and a duck and a giraffe. The body of the pig is made if

resides there.
This school however has been closed up for years. But there isa Public Elementary school there still.
There is a moravian Church in the village, the history of which is very interesting.
No public houses for the sale of liquor are allowed in the village, nor, is a butcher's shop.

and flashed back fire at him, while her white hair blew all about her in ragged wisps.
Regan knew that she saw ready to kill him and so, through the magic power of the cap, he leaped two miles from the spot, away from her. On her anger, she caught up a bit piece of a rock, and flung it after him, and to this day it is said to bear the marks of her fingers in it.
It is called Regan's stone in honour of the brave champion. Graun was never heard of, or seen again.

Calling all his companions around him, he said to one of them, "Regan, you will go and put out the candle that is doing so much harm, but take with you this cap which was thrice charmed by the druid of Locklin. Wear it when you come to the witches rock. It will be a wonderful help to you."
Regan came near to the rock as the pure star of evening was rising. Pulling on the cap, he climbed the rock slowly, caught the candle, and hurled it into the Shannon beneath. Then he saw, standing above, the wicked Grain herself. Never before had he seen anything so ugly. Her grey eyes were far back in her head

a perch or a pike or a rabbit.
The people used not eat any bread except on certain days such as at Christmas they used to buy a few stone of flour and make a few white cakes. About a hundred years ago tea was first used and crock cups were used before delph.

The food in olden times differs a lot from the food nowadays.
Three meals a day the people used eat. Breakfast, Dinner and Supper. Some of the people used to work before their breakfast and then get it at ten o'clock and then their dinner at three o'clock and their supper at nine o'clock. They used to eat yellow meal porridge for their breakfast and potatoes for their dinner and buttermilk.
The people used to eat fresh meat and fish when they would succeed in catching

Gardener was the landlord of this district. She was looked upon as a bad land lord.
If the people were not able to pay the rent they would be put out of their lands. Some of them went and lived with their friends and others died with hunger. There are people living now in place of the landlords house.
When the landlord died her sister divided the land among her friends and each one got four or five acres.

One person stoops down and another thumps his back at the same time saying
Hurley-burley trumps a daisy
Go ly ship to marked early
I'm a nanny: hunt the buck
How many horns standing up.
The person stooped down get free when he correctly guesses the number of "horns" (fingers) standing up.
Another game played with the feet.
"One lady, two lady, three lady
an[?] ways the vinegar, my good man
I for ink, P for paper, stoopin, stopin stink
At the word "stink" the foot on which it falls has to be withdrawn from the circle.

of some of these are still to be seen. Her irons and chains are scattered around the district yet. Th epeople looted what they could and coal fires were common in Belderg that weather.
The local poet (Martin Healy, Geeverauns, Belderg) commemorated the event with a song and of the coal he said.
"Its burning in the fire now at Gatcheen[?] and Brígid Mór"

Had his won army - lived in a castle in Magoury - in the North West corner - over the quarry in Laurence Clancy's farm.
He went to the battle of Augrim and himself and St. Ruth were killed on the same spot.
He was brought home by his men tied on a stallion's back. Came thro' Killenaule when the people were coming out from first mass - buried in Drangan graveyard.

There was a mill behind Willy Slattery's in Magoury. The axle-stones were found some time ago when cleaning up the river.

He lived between Kusekinkit [?] and Ballingarry - buried in Clare Abbey

When the sky is blue and clear it is a sign of fine weather.
When the sun sets with a red, blazing colour it is a sign of fine weather.

When salt gets damp it is a sign of rain.
When the curlew is crowing it is a sign of rain.
The southerly wind bring most rain to my district.
Signs of rain.
When the robin is singing in the middle of a bush.
When flags are wet.
When smoke from the chimney goes down to the ground.
When rooks are pitched along the top of a wall.
When seagulls cluster together in a field or garden.
When the sky is red to the north in the evening.
When distant hills are looking near.
There is an old saying
"Red in the morning is the shepherd's warning. Red at night is the shepherd's delight"
Signs of storm
When the jay-thrush sings
When goats keep near the wall.
Signs of fine weather
When the hills are looking far away.
When it is red to the west in the evening.
When the smoke from the chimney goes up straight.
When the robin sings on to of a bush.

When there is a mackerel colour in the sky, it

When the birds are noisy it is a sign of thunder. When seagulls are noisy after the ploughman it is a sign of rain and storm. When a cat washes his face it is a sign of rain.
When there is a ring around the moon it is a sign of rain

strong. A storm is near when swallows fly low. Before showery weather ducks leave the water and go wandering about the fields.
When the moon is cloudy it is the sign of rain, and when clouds are dark and are moving quickly it is also a sign of rain. A rainbow early in the morning is also a sign of rain and there is an old saying about it - 'a rainbow in the morning is the shepherd's warning' and a rainbow in the night is a shepherd's delight. When the sky is clear and a lot of stars twinkle by night it is the sign of a frost. When the cat turns his back to the fire it is the sign of rain, and when the hills look near it is a sign of rain also. When soot falls down the chimney it is a sign of rain, and when the wild geese go to the north in the evening it is the sign of a frost.

There are many signs by which people know of coming weather. long ago before there were any of these new ways of finding out, people knew by signs from the sun, the sky, the birds and animals, some of these signs are,
1. If wild geese fly to the North it is a sign of a coming storm.
2. If seagulls fly inland it is a sign of a coming storm.
3. If a spider builds a short web it is also the sign of a storm.
4. If the cat turns his back to the fire it is the sign of rain.
5. If an ass roars it is the sign of rain.
6. If cattle move to a shelter part of a farm it is the sign of storm.
Wind blowing from the South is a sign of rain, and wind from the north is the sign of fine weather.
Cows lie down before rain to keep a dry patch on the ground, and when cows do not lie down it is a sign of storms.
Bees go to their hives before stormy weather, and when a donkey roars it is the sign of rain.
Rain is probably when geese fly, and storms are probable when pigs carry sticks and sops to their beds.
When rain is near spiders make short webs but doubly

piece of dough for charity. She gave her a small piece of dough and the old woman put her small piece of dough into the oven. "Stay there" said the girl "and wait until your cake is baked."
When the girl looked at the cake she said there was no cake there, it must have fallen into the fire. "Never mind" said the woman, "give me another piece of dough." She got a piece of dough as small as her thumb and put it into the oven. When it was baked it was twice a large as the first one. The woman said it was hers, the girl said it was to. So the woman took out a slender wand and turned the girl into an owl ad she flew around the house.

What makes time fly?
The spur of the moment.
What does a lady search for but does not care to find?
A hole in her stocking.
Black and white and read all over?
A newspaper.
What pie has wings?
A magpie.
Betty inside the ditch, Betty outside the ditch and if you touch her she'll bite you.
A nettle.
What's always behind time?
The back of a clock.
What falls but never breaks?
Night
What breaks but never falls?
Day
What goes up when rain comes down?
An umbrella
Why is it dangerous to tell a tale in a stable?
Because horses carry tails (tales)
Which burns longer a match or a candle?
Neither, they both burn shorter.

Many old churn are to be seen yet in many farmhouses, but they are not used to any advantage. I have seen on elf thesis worked by horsepower. These were the largest kind in olden days. Other makes were worked by hand or foot. The butter was the same from either kind. From the former make of churn a propeller was attached. This propeller went out from the wall to a drum on the outside. This drum was worked by a horse or an ass. The animal was tackled to a shaft on the drum much like a threshing machine.
The milk was first left in tubs in the dairy to set, then after about twelve hours it was skimmed and the cream was put into barrels.

Honesty is the last policy.Wilful waste makes woeful want.Too late to spare when all is spent.My face is my fortune.Robbing Peter to pay Paul.Early to bed and early to rise
Makes a man healthy, wealthy and wise.She is in tearing style.She was a masher in her new dress

Too much bed makes a dull head.
When we build let us think that we build forever.
The misfortunes hardest to bear are those that never come.
When entering a house we say "God save all here" and the householder answers 'And you too.'
When passing a grave-yard or speaking about the dead people we say the 'Lord have mercy on the dead'
When there is a disease in the district or when an accident has occurred we say 'The Lord between us and all harm.'
When man are working - 'God bless the work' and they answer 'And you too.'
When people get news clothes - 'Well weave'
answer - thanks
A stitch in time saves nine.

Sleep is the brother of death.
Two of a trade never agree.
Mind that you have two ears and one mouth.
Little pitchers have big ears.
Don't praise a fair day until night.
Many a slip twiset cup and lip.
Don't let your tongue cut off your head.
Wilful waste makes woeful want.
Waste not, want not.
You cannot knock blood out of a turnip.
A penny wise and a pound foolish.
Never venture, never win.
Better be born lucky that rich.

Poor “Biddy”. In the 1st of February, it is kept as a great feast in some parts of Ireland. It was the custom long ago to go out with a doll on that day. The boys who used to go out used to dress in different ways. They used to ask for money in every house. Others used to get a turnip and make a face out of it. They used to make two eyes and a mouth. Then they make a hole in it and put a candle into it. At night they used to light the candle. They did this in devotion to St. Bridget. There is an old custom also of making St. Bridgets Cross of straw or Cross Brigde and placing it on the rafters to preserve the houses during the year.
Shrove Tuesday is the day before Ash Wednesday. People eat a lot on that day as they have to fast during Lent. Women spend the most of the day making pancakes. On that night people eat a lot of them. They stay up very late. They have a dance on that night. They bring in all the neighbours, and get on of them to play for them. They always keep it as a great feast before Lent. On Shrove Tuesday evening pancakes are made for the tea and a ring is put into a large pancake

Poor “Biddy”. In the 1st of February, it is kept as a great feast in some parts of Ireland. It was the custom long ago to go out with a doll on that day. The boys who used to go out used to dress in different ways. They used to ask for money in every house. Others used to get a turnip and make a face out of it. They used to make two eyes and a mouth. Then they make a hole in it and put a candle into it. At night they used to light the candle. They did this in devotion to St. Bridget. There is an old custom also of making St. Bridgets Cross of straw or Cross Brigde and placing it on the rafters to preserve the houses during the year.

money, A for all the money, N for no money. Patrick Haran of Glan, Parish of Ballisodare, barony of Tirevill[?]. He is dead now.
They used have catapults for pegging stones at rooks. This is how it was made, the fork of an ash tree and they used to tie two bits of rubber at each and a bit of leather in the middle for pegging the stones.
They used to have snares for catching rabbits, hares, the used to have two foot of snare wire and made it round and put it in a cup and tie it to a piece of a stick.
They use to catch a lot of rabbits in that way.
Mary Gilligan, Glan, Collooney, Co. Sligo. I got this information from my father John Gilligan.

In my district long ago they used to make daisy chains with daisies. They made a hole in the daisy and then they used put in one daisy in the hole and so on until it was long enough.
They used to play tee-totals this is how they used to play them. they had a square piece of wood with a spinning top on it. They sued to have letters at each corner. These were the letters p, a, t, n. they used to have money out and they used to spin the top and for any letter the top stood at, these were the rules. P was to put down the money, T for take up the

the oats and the person let the creel fall and it was caught.
Rabbit snares, were made by getting a piece of wire and a running knot was put on it so that when the rabbit put his head in it closed in a choked it.
Models were made out of turnips. They were scooped out into a doll to toy. Corks were made for bottles out of turnips too.I got this information from my mother Mrs Conboy, Tullybeg, Collooney in the barony Tirreril [?] and the parish of Riverstown.

the oats and the person let the creel fall and it was caught.
Rabbit snares, were made by getting a piece of wire and a running knot was put on it so that when the rabbit put his head in it closed in a choked it.
Models were made out of turnips. They were scooped out into a doll to toy. Corks were made for bottles out of turnips too.

Guns were made out of fork-shaped branch. A piece of rubber was got and attached to each end of the branch and a piece of leather was put in the middle of the rubber. A stone was placed in the leather and the rubber was pulled and the stone went a good distance, many boys make them for killing birds.
People caught birds by getting a creel or basket and putting oats under it and they held it up with a string and they hid keeping the string held. Then the bird went under it to get

They used to make guns out of boultrees[?]. First a hoe and put through the boultree, then some air is blown and a small piece of paper put in, then more air is blown in more paper put after that, then stick is got and pushed down through the boultree and it will let a big shot. A bird cradle is also made out of boultree. First the boultree was made like a triangle and then the rods put into each side until it was about a foot high and then four sticks were put under it and when the birds went under it for the crumbs, the cradle fell down on them.

In the famine days people used to leave their dead outside the front door until the death cart would come and take them to a place called Padoch a few miles below Westport town. The cart of dead bodies would be threw into one grave. There was a little relief for the people when some of the landlords got meal from America to distribute amongst the people.
A lot of lords got meal and stored it up in barns. They used to leave the meal in the barns for many months so it would get rotten. Then they would give it to the half starved people. The poor people used to eat it because they would eat anything they would get since they were so starved. The reason why the lords

of a mile, until it came to a river, and then it rolled into a gullet beside the river. James wasted no time in getting to the other side of the river, because he had often heard the old people say that if you are followed by anything at night, you are safe if you cross water. As it was he saw no more of the barrel, and was able to make his way home without further trouble.

One night about half eleven o'clock a man named James O'Donnell was coming from Castlebar. When he was just coming into a village called Comar he thought he heard terrible noise on before him. At first he listened but then he could not hear it at all. At any rate he kept coming on making for home as quickly as he could. Just when he was a while in Comar village he thought he saw some black thing rolling on the road before him. He kept walking fast thinking he could pass out, but when he would try to pass out, the thing would cross the road. It was a barrel, and it kept rolling before him along the road for a quarter

At the present there is but one tailor in Glenear. His house is situated in Lyrans. His name is Patrick O'Shea. He makes the clothes for the people. This tailor never went from house to house as those in the olden days. The people buy the cloth themselves in some shop and he makes the clothes for them.
Long ago the clothes were made from wool. First they got the wool and carded it. When they had it carded they spun it. This was done in the following manner.
First they got the spinning wheel and stand that was under it. This wheel is made in a circle like the wheel of a car. Afterwards they put a long string round the wheel. Then the wool was got and spun.
When it was spun it was send to a weaver to weave it. After a while he send it back to them and he had made it into flannel.
The piece of flannel for the women was send to a presser to press it. The piece for the mens suit

7. Two ducks before a duck, two ducks after a duck and a duck in the middle between two ducks.
How many ducks?Freagra Three ducks
8. As I went out a gutter gap I met a man with forty patches apron his breeches.
What time was it?
Fr. Time to get a new one
9. As I went up the garden path I met my uncle Davy. I cut off his head threw away his feet and left his body ‘airy’
Fr. A head of cabbage.
10. What is the smallest County that would fit in a bottle?
Fr. Cork
11. Up the path and down the path and carry the path on your back.
Fr. A ladder.

Hurricane - 1819 a hurricane blew over this district. The wind was so strong in England at the same time that it blew a train, passing over a bridge into the waters beneath, and all the passengers were drowned.
Snow - About 43 years ago in the month of February, 1895 snow fell continuously for a long period. It was several feet high on the roads. On elf my uncles (Jerry Kelleher of Dainch[?], Banteer) was born at that time. He would not be brought to Banteer Church, for Baptism, for at least three weeks after birth, as all roads were impassible. My great grandmother "Mrs Fitzpatrick", also of Dainch, died at the same time, and it was with great difficulty she was buried at Clonmeen, Banteer, owing to the great carpet of snow, over the whole country-side.
Thunder- Between 40 and 50 years ago, in the month of July, a great hunter-storm broke over this district. It was a beautiful summer's day, and at midnight the thunder began. Each flash would light the countryside, and people at the time said, they came up from the ground. Jack Singleton, Inchidaly, Banteer, says it was the worst thunder-storm he ever experiences. Much damage was done by the floods that followed. The lightening on the other hand did no serious damage.

of the fire.
There was some [?] on the flag. A travelling man stayed one night at the house, and interpreted the writing which was "the other side of the bush is better"
Fitzgerald went and got six times as much gold.

Neary. He used make láigheanna and turf spades and pig-rings long ago. He isa farmer also, and when he goes, anyone goes into the forge to get anything made, he puts them out working on the farm while he is working in the forge himself. There was another forge in Bofield. It belonged to a man named Crean. He had a daughter who used sledge for him and she could make a turf-spade as good as himself. There was another forge in Kilgarvin. It belonged to a man named Luke Neary. He was a brother to Jack Near who was a blacksmith also and Paddy Neary whom I have mentioned who is another black-smith is his son. He was a farmer also. There were two forges here in Bonniconlon. The is another forge down in Carra. [?] belongs to a man whose name is Dominic Melvin. He is farmer also. This number of forges are in this parish long ago. There were some tailors in this parish long ago also. There were more tailors in it than there are now. There are only two tailors in this

living here in Bonniconlon. He was a great trades-man. He could do all kinds of masonry work. He could thatch houses, he could make creels and baskets, and he could slate a house without the help of any other tradesman. He never got nay education. There was a man whose name was Joe Mullarkey living down in Hillride. He could do all kinds of joiners work. He could meant clocks and watches also. He could make stills also. He used go to the house of a person who wanted to make the still. One night he was going home after making a still in some house. He had a bag of tools on his back. He met two police, and when they saw the bag of tools on his back they knew he had been making still somewhere. They offered him a reward if he would tell them where he was making the still. He agreed to tell them, they gave him a pound. When he git the pound he said "I was mending it on the bottom. There is a forge in Carracrum[?]. It belongs to a man whose name id Paddy

them, with his cart.
To Neary's utter amazement he saw the three men leave the main road and walk up an avenue the existence of which he had never known before. In fear and trembling, he follows the men and after a short distance, he arrived at a beautiful mansion. Here, he was taken in and given a good meal. After the meal, he fell into a sleep to stupor.
Near was really amongst the fairies and the three strangers were three fairies. Now, the three fairies put into the cart a bundle which in appearance rambles the bead body of near. The ass took the cart home to Ballinacurra and when Neary's wife [?] as she thought the remains of her husband, she called in the neighbours.
As one would expect a wake and funeral followed and three days afterwards, the landlord's arrived at Neary's house for the rent but earlier in the morning before the arrival of the landlord's agent

A man named Neary, who lived on the banks of the Moy believed to be in Ballinacurra and convenient to the bridge which crosses the Moy at Ballinacurra had a sharp notice from landlord for his accents.
In order to procure the rent he took his oats to the market of Swinford by means of his donkey and cart. Before he reached the town, he was met by three strange men, who asked him where he was going. When the strangers learned from him the nature of his business they offered to buy the oats from him. The directed him to follow

funeral before long.
12. Pipes brought to the grave yard should be left there and not taken home.
13. A person who stumbles and falls in the graveyard is suspected to die soon.
14. If a con dies people shouldn't be displaces as the con was taken instead of one of the family.

1. All clocks are stopped while the corpse is in the house.
2. Three women usually not relatives are got to leave the person overboard.
3.Straw on which the corpse is ladies usually left under a sheltering bush.
4. The house should not be swept out while the corpse is inside.
5. Plate of tobacco should be left on the feet of the corpse.
6. Everyone who gets a pipe should light to, take three draws out of it and say "Lord hail. Mercy on the dead."
7. After the corpse leaves the house all the seats shines he knocked.
8. All domestic animals such as dogs and cats are not allowed into the house.
9. The coffin should be carried out by men wearing the same surname.
10. The long way round should be taken to the grave yard and if possible take them by their houses.
11. If there's a gap or space in the funeral it indicated there will be another

If a frog changes his colour from brown to yellow or green rainy weather is in store.
When the stars shine very brightly, it is a sign of frosty weather.
When the sheep gather together it is a sign of bad weather.
When the flames in the fire are yellow, frosty weather is coming.Information gathered by school children.

When the spiders came from their cobwebs it is a sign of rain.
When the ducks begin to quack it shows that the rain is coming.
The cat and the dog seek the heats of the fire, when bad weather is coming.
When rainy weather is in store old peoples' pains get worse and corns get sorer.
When good weather is in store the sunset is a bright red, the moon shines clearly and the morning is grey and misty.
When the smoke is been blown about by the wind, that is a sign of bad weather.
When seven stars are seen together it is a sign of frosty weather.

When the wild geese fly to the south-west, in the summer, it is the sign of a very bad winter.When the crows fly low, it is a sign of rain.
When the cat turns her back to the fire, rainy weather is in stone.
When the soot falls from the chimney, it is a sign of rain.
When there is a circle round the moon, it is a sign of rain.
When there is a shine on the rocks it is a sign of rain.
When smoke ascend, in a straight line, fine weather is in store.

When the sea gulls fly inland stormy weather is in stone.
When wild-geese fly north good weather is in stone.
When wild-geese fly south it is a sign of bad weather.
When sheep and goat's come down from the mountains, to the lowlands, stormy weather is indicated.

When the kills and mountains seem to be near it is a sign of rain.
When one's corns pain one, frosty weather is in stone.
"A rainbow in the morning
Is the shepherd's warning,
A rainbow at night
Is the sailors delight.

If the old moon, can be seen in the new moon bad weather is sure to follow.
A mackerel sky is a sign of great rain.
When a fog descends and rises quickly it is a rainy sign.
When salt and cement "weep" rainy weather is in stone.
"A cap on Keeper" is a sign of rain.
When a cat washes her face and puts her paws over her ears it is a sign of floods.
When a cat washes herself with her back to the fire it is a sign of rain and cold weather.

Boiled flax seed is good for a cough.
A cobweb is good for a very deep cut.
A piece of dock leaf is a good cure for a sore lip.
Nettles are good for pains.March Matice is a drawing plaster.
Robin - run - the - hedge is good for boils.N.B. All these cures were given to the Children by their parents - residing in Cahir and surrounding districts.

river where he got drowned.
Well! said the king you were near death then" and I was the very boy you set free, as can be easily seen from my missing finger. I will allow you both free now and take the steed of bells with you.
They started for home with the steed and the queen on seeing them coming threw herself from the top of the castle thus causing her death. So the king and his sons lived happily together after that.

1. Red cloves is good for cough and cancer
2. The dock leaf cures blood - [?] ailments
3. The nettle cure pleurisy, pains in the side and blood troubles
4. Violet leaves cure cancer
5. Backache:- If the pain is very severe a poultice of linseed meal is sprinkled with quiges [?] should be applied to the back as hot as it can possibly be borne.
6. The daisy is good for removing inflammation [?] skin troubles
7. Constipation: A glass of hot water to be taken every morning before breakfast. Drunk water freely dandelion juice every morning and night Vegetables, fruit and water cure should be taken in plenty.
8. An other cure for backache is half pinch of turpentine, one ball of camphor, white of 2 eggs. Mix together bottle and apply to the back.

are many old graves and many stone tombs.
There are many old graves in Newchapel. It is used up to this day. There was a chapel in Carraig Áir many years ago, but there is no sign of the ruins, but the tree to which the priest used tie his horse, is still to be seen. There are many graves there, but there is no tombstones or crosses in it. It was used for about a century.
There was a church in Coleman many years ago. The ruins are still to be seen. The head of Saint Coleman is carved out on the corner of the gable end of the church. There are many graves there, but there are no tomb stones to be seen only one plain stone.

very troubled about his daughter and he went to the doctor who came and did his best for a fortnight to cure her.
At the end of the fortnight she was much worse so that her father went to the best doctor in the country. But in spite of all his cures she grew worse so that her father went to another doctor. Still all his cures were no avail.
At the end of six months the young girl was very bad and getting worse every day and all the doctors in the country couldn't cure her.
Mr O'Sullivan then offered a rich rewards to anyone who would cure his daughter.
A poor man named Sean Driscoll who lived in Skeagh was going to town one day, and on his way he had to pass an old house. The day was wet and as he wanted to light

in the hay outside his own dogs. He then thanked the little man and left the boat. When he went in home his daughter was surprised to see him back so soon, and when she saw all the parcels she asked him where he had got them. He then told his story, but she would not believe him until she got a letter a few days afterwards from her uncle asking if his brother had reached home safely.

Long ago there lived in Cork a very rich man whose only daughter and child fell very ill. The man's name was Mr O'Sullivan. He was

His bottle of whiskey and took a good drink of it. Then he saw the door opening and a very strange looking person came in and said to the others it was time for them to leave the castle because it was getting late.
After they leaving the castle Tom heard great noise outside. He stood up and went to the window to get a look out. In coming near the window he was knocked and was not able to get up for about half an hour. After he getting up he went to the window to get a look out, but could see nothing, and went over to the fire again and slept for a couple of hours. When morning came the Chieftain went again to the castle to see how was To,

Tom said he did and then told his story. The Chieftain after hearing the story, asked him would he stay for the second night he said he would but should get a couple of bottles of whiskey. He went in to the castle the second night and made a fire and made himself as comfortable as possible. About twelve o’clock he heard a great storm outside and thought the house was falling, there was such noise. After a while he heard great knocking at the door and suddenly the door was burst open and four big men with a man between them came in and took a big chair and put him sitting on it. After a while Tom was beginning to loose his courage so he took

Master that taught the people of Muchenaugh how to speak English because they knew nothing but Irish and they used to call him “maighisghirin. He came to Curloman and everyone that had a barn used to give it to him a few days in the week.
They had but one book and that was a spelling book and in that book as the meaning of words. They were never taught history or geography and they had to write with a steel pen. The girls who were in fourth and fifth standard were as good of scholars as the girls of eight today. They had to write also on blue slates and there wer blue pencils fir the purpose. They also made a hut for the “maighisthirin” and gave him a little garden outside it. You can still see the walls of his little hut in the bog outside the village of Muckenaugh.

c) There was snow on their coats where they had been snow-balling.
d) Before they went there they were careful to wash their faces.
e) There were three sailors who lost their way and could not back to their ship.
f) The ground where the flowers were was damp and they were hard to get.

The people used to get a big pot and half fill it with water. They used to get indigo blue in the siopa and this blue was got from Germany.
They would put down the blue in the water and when it would be melted they would leave the wool in the hot water for a day and when it would be dyed. They would spread it out in the land to dry.
They would card it then with cards. They would spin then

Dangerous. If he caught a hand or a leg of a person he would not let it go until he thought it was broken.
There were more animals in this district eighty or ninty years ago. The deer and the wolf were in it long and they are not in it now. The mole or squirrel do not live in this district.

Then it is ploughed and settled with a harrow. The potatoes are planted and sprayed with bluestone and washing soda to keep the blight off them. They are dug by means of a spade or fork, and they are put into heaps and covered with rushes and then with call to keep them dry.

Among the many different crops which the farmer plants none are so profitable as the potato crop. Only for this crop there would be a famine in the country for any years the potatoes fail there is a famine. In the year 1848 there was a great failure on the potatoes and most of the people had to emigrate on account of this. We are now in the month of March and each season of the year has its own special work to preform.
In the Spring the farmers begin to prepare for the planting of the potatoes. In olden times the ground used to be turned with a spade pr a wooden plough but now it is ploughed by means of a plough. The first thing that is done is to put out the manure.

Foxglove
Flowers June and Sept Leaves collected at the same time used as a rub.
Agrimony
Flowers June to August Whole plant collected in August. Was not heard of in olden times
Burdock
Flowers July and August Leaves collected when plant in flower. Used by many old people.

and stomach.
Cut finger. Flowers in Spring Collection made in midsummer. This is good for cut fingers.
Bog Nut. Collection made in Summer when the Summer when the roots are boiled they are given as medicine to the cattle
Coltsfoot
Flowers February and March. Leaves collected in June. Used in olden times for curing ailments in horses. Hence its name.
Sloe
Flowers in March and April. Fruit collected in Sept, Oct and nov. Used by old people to drink when boiled for intestinal disease.
Buck Bean
Flowers May and June Roots used any time leaves while green

war has so deeply affected the drug market and we have no longer have herbs we need from the usual sources we must rely on the home market. The plants in demand for medicinal purposes are now very numerous. Some of these herbs and plants were used years ago by the old people who worked them into medicine in a very peculiar way. The various herbs used in cures are as follows-:
Dandelion
It flowers in March and October. Roots to be collected in Spring and Summer. This is a splendid remedy for Kidney and Liver disorders.
Comfrey
Flowers in May and June the leaves to be collected in July and September. It is a splendid remedy for bleeding of lungs

In the per war times most of the leaves and roots from which our drugs and medicines are made were imported from Germany Austria and the Balkans. They were purchased at such a cheat rate that the home industry came almost completely to an end. Now that the

Ballymote Mrs O Gara Battlefield are a few of the many who were cured of their ailments when doctors failed.

Leave it turned up, and if it was turned back in the morning, he would not proceed with the building, and if it was not moved he would build the house.
It is said that it is never right to interfere with a lone bush, and the same day he was going up on the grannery to get oats fir the horses, and he fell down the steps and was killed.
About thirty years ago John Kerr Drumfomina cut a lone bush, and soon afterwards the dog bit him on the hand and it never got better till he died.

Warts-To put a small stone for every wart, into a bag, and leave it at the cross roads. Whoever will get the bag will get the warts also. To get a dog to lick it.
A burn of a nettle-to tigh a green leave around the place (the place) that is burned. To rub soda to the place that is burned.
When a persons nose is bleeding-to put cold keys down a persons back until the blood stops.
To tie a cord around your small finger until the blood stops.
To leave a wet cloth against your nose until the blood stops.
Seistaca- To burn your body with nettles.
A burn of gloran- To get a leave called crusts Padruig and tigh it around the burn.

There was once a priest whips lived in Carron. One Sunday as he was going to Noughvill to say mass, he met a very old man in the roadside crying. The priests asked him why he was crying, and he said his grand-fathers pipe. The priest would not believe him, and he got off his horse, and went into the little house. The father was standing in the middle of the floor shouting and the father fixing his pipe.

Answer- Because a black hen can lay a white egg, and a white hen cannot lay a black egg.

afraid after that passing the Fort. In the other Fort the soldiers used to hide their amunision and they used to sleep in it every night. The walls of the old castle are still to be seen and a river runs beside it. Long ago it was a mill but the people left it and it was changed into a castle. It was in that castle the soldiers hid when they killed the two guards and the sergeant.

Long ago when the soldiers were fighting they had places made for their amunision such as forts or lissis. There are two forts in the district where I live and there is a castle at the end of the bog. In one of the forts the little infants used to be buried long ago and it is said that there was a man and a light seen in it one night and the man was crying. The people used to be

the whooping cough is to ask the rider of a white-horse for the cure and whatever he would say to drink or eat would be the cure. Potato-water is a cure for cuts and bruises.

Long ago the old people had a lot of cures for different sores and diseases. The best cure for a stone-bruise is to get a white root which is found in gardens and to leave on the sore. Sore eyes. To bath them with cold tea. Warts. to get a black snail and hang him to a tree and when the snail begins to wither the wart also withers. Another cure for a wart is to bathe it in the water that lodges on a hollowed stone and to say these words.
Uisge cloc gan iarraidh
Ní ghá iarradh ata mé
Achr fanacaí Dia orm
Agus ag iarradh iad a cuir díom ata mé
The best way to cure the whooping cough is to catch a hedge-hog and skin him and make soup him and give it to the person three times every day. Another cure for

Long ago the old people had a lot of trades which are now rapidly dying out. There is a man in Cloonkelly named Hughes who is still living who was able to make churns. He is very old now but his sons are able to make them. My father remembers when very long to see a man in Tuam making nails. A man in Knocknagur named Tom Forde who dies last year was the best thatcher in the district. A man in Crocklawn named Godwin are able to make ploughs gates and hoes.

the soup is a cure for chin-cough or to meet a man with a white horse ask him for a cure, if he gives you any cure the chin-cough will go.
Head-ache - A cure for a head-ache is to measure ones head each way with a tape.
Boils - There are two wells in this district in which boils are cured. One is where three parishes are joining and the other where three properties are joining.
Pains - The people believe in this district that by going through holes in walls or ditches that certain pains would be removed.
Hicough- It is a cure for it to drink out of a cup without putting ones nose into it or to get frightened by someone who was speaking.

The old people in each district have cures for certain disease. They can cure a person by some weed or by certain leaves. The most common around this district are the following:
Warts - It is a cure for warts to wash them in boiling potato water or dip them in water which one finds in a stone without looking for it, or to rub some chicken weed on them.
Toothache - long ago it was custom for men to show on sunday. it would be a cure for tooth-ache for them to shave on saturday.
Chin-Cough - To catch a hedge boil it and drink

the sore foot and it will cure it.

a wart. Potato water is a cure for a stone bruise. If one had a pain in one stomach heat a plate and put it to it and the pain would go. For a pain on ones back put an eel skin on it and it will go. For a cut on your finger put a leaf in it called St. Patrick's leaf and it will stop it from bleeding. To cure a boil heat a bottle and it near it and it will burst it. A cure for a headache is to make a cup of strong tea and drink it and the headache will go. A cure for a wart is to throw a snail upon a bush and while it is withering your wart will be also withering. Another cure for it is to hide a bit of meat and tell no one where it is hide and when fourteen mornings are gone your wart will be also gone. A cure for a sore foot is to warm a weed called the chicken weed and put it to

In olden the people had many cures for disease. Here are some of them. A cure for the chin cough is. If one meet a man with a white horse and ask a cure for the chin cough of him. What ever cure you would get from him it would cure the chin-cough. A cure for consumption is. To throw a live frog on your beck and it would cure consumption. Not far from where I live there is a well. Most of the people around the district used to get cured from boils in it. To meet with a stone with water in it and to wash your foot it would cure

[-]

The hedge hog is a very small animal it crawls on the ground. The old people say if you drink soup of a hedge-hog is a cure for the chin cough.
The rabbit is a small animal. He lives in a burrow and feeds on grass. The rabbit does not do much harm to the crops as the hare does.
The rat is a very small animal. He lives in holes of stone walls. He does a lot of harm and is a dangerous animal also. There was a house in the village long ago where there was a lot of rats. The woman of the house put down poison to kill the rats. At night when she was in bed a rat came an bit her over the eye. That mark was there until the day she died.
The ferris is a very small animal. People has ferris for hunting rabbits out of their burrows. If they are well trained they often wait in the burrow and would not come out.
The water dog is a animal like any ordinary dog. But he is always black and curly. He lives on bank of rivers. And feeds on weeds that grow on the river and on fish.

was a weasel nest where he was mowing. When he was coming near the nest the weasel went to where the jug and poisoned the drink. When the man came near the nest he took the nest and mowed there he left the nest back again to the same place. When the weasel saw that she went and spilled the water that was in the jug. The ways the man would not get poisoned when he did not touch the nest.
There was a man scattering turf once in the bog and a weasel used to come every day to his jacket. He had a dog with him this day. The dog lied near the jacket. When the weasel came the dog killed him. It was not long until five or six more weasels came and carried him and buried him like a person. The man had to leave the bog with fear.
The fox is a very wise animal he kills and eat every kind of food. When he kills fowl in the fowl house he very often cannot come out of some he lies down as if he was dead until he gets a chance to run away. The he run off to his den.

There are not many wild animals in this district. The most common ones are deer, fox, hedgehog, water dog, hare rabbit rats ferrits and weasel. The badger the (hare) rabbit rats and the hedgehog lives in burrows. The hare lives in rushes or long grass. The hare is a very timed animal it is very easy to waken him. There was once a man and he caught a hare. He skinned him and cured the skin and put it on the back of a vest. One day he was digging potatoes he took off his vest and left it on the ground. He had a dog with him. The dog lay near the vest. It was not long until the vest ran off and the dog after it and caught it and brought it back to him.
There was a deer once in Castlegrove. He went from that to Knockma. What he used to feed on was grass, turnips and hay. The weasel is a very dangerous animal. There was once a man mowing hay. He had a drink with him in a jug there

It is said that about a hundred years ago in the centre of the Old Bridge Carrick-on-Suir an old man made nails. He lived in a small house half of which was in the county Tipperary. It is said when the Tipperary Landlord came to collect the rent the man went to the County Waterford side of (the) his house and said that he was a Waterford man, so that he need not pay the rent. He used heat the iron in County Waterford and make the nails in County Tipperary. The house was finally knocked down by order (of) of the council as it was a danger to the public but the remains are still to be seen

situated near the house and that is how it got its name.
It is circular in shape and hollow. There is no entrance hole to the fort but old people say there was previously, but it is now closed in. The owner of the land presently is a man named Connor's and he or any others, it is stated have interfered with the fort. either by exploring the interior or during agricultural process Fairy people were supposed to have lived in the fort and in the near surroundings but no fairy tales have been told with regards to them.

In the townland of lismoyban in the parish of Kilchreest is situated a lion called Lismoylan.
The former owner of this land was Moylan and the fort is

to this fort except the Banshee was heard caoining[?] in it several times.

The entrance hole is partly small. The inside is flag lined and has a most peculiar shape being slightly covered at one end.
On one side of the lios is a fence of old fairy bushes. It is entwined all through by ivy and wild briars. No fairy stories belong to the sad fort. The Danes were supposed to have built it and from the same fort another Lios is to be seen quite plainly. The owner of this land has not yet interfered with the surroundings. No music or any other fairy tales have been heard as regards

In the townland of careen in the Ballymana school district is situated a Lios or Fort which to the minds of our present historians is still unnamed.
It is situated in the Carheen Creggs. On entering the fort one is faced with the problem of danger but few have yet risked their lives by exploring it. Those men who live at present and who have already explored the lies describes it to me as follows.
It is rather circular in shape and the entrance hole is partly square

One day a young man, who at that time was called a poor scholar went to a house for some help. As he was entering the house, he saw what is called a griddle on which was some writing in a foreign language. When he looked at it he said to the woman of the house "wherever that griddle was, the writing means there was as much more the other side." The griddle was the cover of a pot containing gold treasure found some time before and on going to the place they discovered the other pot.

The farm animals at home are cows, horses, pigs, sheep, and goats and the domestic animals are cats and dogs. The cows have names such as "Dolly" and "Daisy" and when the farmer goes out to bring them in he calls them by their names and they come to him. The cows are tied with ropes or chains around the neck and they are tied to stakes.
On St. Brigid's Eve when people make crosses, there is always one hung in the cow-house, and on Palm Sunday they put palm in the houses. They always put Holy Water in the houses to bring good luck. If you give milk away on New Year's Day the person that gets the milk will have good

it on a griddle. Long ago they used to bake the cake in front of the fire standing against a support.
Flour is not made in this district. The nearest mill is in Boyle and that is too far away.

us an egg to see if the young chicken hatches. She writes our name on it, so we can know it from the others.
The dog is kept for helping the farmer to drive other animals such as cows or sheep into different fields. He is also very useful for putting the hens ou of the corn. He gets potatoes and buttermilk for his dinner.
On some farms there are many cats and mice, so the cats are kept for catching them. These cats and mice gives the cats a good meal. If the cats were not kept, soon the rats and mice would become so plentiful that they would eat all the farmers corn.
We make rush crosses on Siant brigades night and leave them out to get blessed. It is said Saint Brigid comes to the houses and blesses the crosses and "Bratags" which are left outside. The crosses are the put up in the houses to bring good luck on the animals.

night and he went trying and he did not find them. The man asked him if he had all the bees.
He said I am missing a few to night, they all flew away afterwards

Once upon a time there lived three brothers and the three of them went working. One of them went to a rich man.
His job was to mind bees in a hive and to count them. One night he missed a bee and he went trying and he found him with a big load of honey in a log[?] and he was logging[?] with the load of honey.
He missed more next

nothing. Next morning when he went out his cow was dead, and she was so heavy that he had to make five parts of her to remove her.
(N.B. this story was taken from the copy of Mary Shaughnessy and this story wasted to her by her father, who is son of the man who watched the fairy women).

moulded. In late June or early July they are sprayed with a mixture of bluestone and washing soda to prevent blight. They are often sprayed two or even three times. Nowadays spraying machines are used but formerly leather besoms were used. The farmer took a bucket of spraying mixture in one hand and the besom in the other and walked up and down the furrows shaking the mixture on the stalks. Twas a slow but nevertheless sure process.
When lie is being turned for potatoes ridges are usually made. Some have agreed [?] in the middle and one sod turned on either side. This is called a "spudan". Formerly these sods were turned with a broad spade called a "long". One seed is dropped in the centre and one is stuck in each sod. The seschs[?] are dug and the clayed shovelled over the ridge to cover the seed. After some time they are second covered and sprayed.
Other ridges are made with four sods two meeting in the centre and

A child adores his toys in the same manner as the rancher adores his herd. In olden times play toys were made at home fir children, but since the introduction of machinery, and the importance of these toys they find it much cheaper to buy them than to make them. Some of the young children find great amusements nowadays in the making of toys, but the children of long ago could make them better.
When cowslips are in bloom in the Spring-time children gather them and make balls out of them to play with.
In the winter-time in the frost and snow; the children amuse themselves making cribs to catch birds. They make them out of hazels and sally rods. The crib is square when it is made. Then they are set with a forked piece of an ash-stick. A piece of bread is then put inside to coax the bird into it. When the bird would come she would go for the piece of bread, and as soon as she

The bird catcher to fall. Homemade toys are perhaps not to be got in any house presently only in Germany.

down the street and receive ninety nine lakes of the "cat". He asked them to give a hundred but it was afraid the law to do so.
Shortly after he was begging in front of the church gates, and all he got was thirty shillings. He died on Pound Road Castleisland, Co. Kerry and the blue marks of the lashes were on his body when he was dead.
In or about 1879 when Daniel O'Connell used to pass through Castleisland on his way to Cahercraven[?] Co. Kerry fromDublin and other places up the country, he used to stay at a hotel in the town now occupied by Mr Patrick Buckley, [?] National Teacher. The bed in which Daniel O'Connell slept is now in possession of Miss Minnie O'Connor, Nan St, Castleisland, Co. Kerry
Cromwell himself did not pass through Castleisland but Elizabeth's gensas[?] Ormonde and Raleigh did. Ormonde marched through Castleisland from King Williamstown, Co. Cork, direction, while Raleigh came on from Killarney side and they joined forces between castle island and Gortatlea [?] Co. Kerry. The Castle

During the time of the tithe trouble three men who had collected tithes were bring gold from Cork to Dublin via the old mail coach road through Nine mile House. In front of Hanrahans of nine-mile House under two trees which stood until recently they buried the gold, then proceeded on their journey to Dublin and on arrival said that they had been robbed on the way. It was proved by the authorities that they had not been robbed and the three were shot at the spot where they had hidden the go,d. On the anniversary of their death three dogs were supposed to appear outside Hanrahans of Nine mile House.

About the year 1889 there was a terrible snowstorm. There were six feet high of snow on the earth and you could see no roads nor fields as every place seemed level. The only things showing above the snow were high hedges and trees. The people found their doors barred up in the mornings when they awake with snow and with great difficulty they got to open the doors.
Everyone had to git a shovel and clear the snow out of their way or they could not proceed anywhere. In Munterconnaught parish, the people turned out with shovels and cleared a paso for the Priest, Father Pat O’Connell from the residence at Newprospect to the Chapel. Animals suffered then. Many of them were found snowed up in lane ways where they sought shelter and died. Hundreds of sheep

If no snow comes before Christmas many people will die. It is an old proverb. “A green Christmas fills the graveyard.

When stars are twinkling we always look out fir frost.
When a mist rises in the flats it is a sign of frost.
When you blow your breath and it is plain to be seen before you it is a sign of frost.
When it is very calm and your voice echoes it is a sign of frost.
When the wind blows from the east i5 is a sign of frost.

Rants, or rates due.
The day of the marriage is then arranged, and a wedding-feast proceeds it, the ceremony, to which friends and neighbours of both parties are invited. Should there be brother or sisters in the house into which the girl marries, the dowry which she brings with her, is often times paid over to them as their portion of the farm.
Straw-boys usually visited the wedding feast long ago, dressed in “sugan”. They either played danced or sang, and their visit was looked on as an omen of good luck.
The married couple visited the Bride’s home after a month, and this was what was called the “hauling home”. On this day there was more feasting and making-merry.
After the marriage at the church, which was attended by neighbours and friends of both sides; a procession was formed, which consisted of peo0e on side- cars, men on horse-back and a great number of onlookers on foot. This was known as the “Drag” and usually wound up in a race between all parties as to which would lead.
Rice and old shoes are 5rown on the married couple after the ceremony.

They used to sing this song around Castleisland and the time of 1798.
The RoverNo more no more in Castle town
Il sell my heart a raking,
Nor on days of fairs rove up and down,
Nor join the messy making.
There minted farmers came in throngs
To seek and hire me oven.
But now. I’m hired my journey is oven
The journey of the rover
II
I’ve found what rovers often do
I trod my health down fairly
And that wandering out on morning dew
Will gather fever early
No more shall flail swing o’er my head
Nor my hand a spade shaft cover
But the banner of Francs well float instead.
And the pike stand by the river.
III
When to Callan ones with hook in hand
I’d go for early shearing
Or to Dublin town the news was grand
That the river gay was nearing
And soon with good gold home I’d go
And my mother’s field dig over.

It is a bad wind that doesn’t blow good for somebody
An idle man temps the devil
The more hurry the less speed
A stitch in time saves nine
Where the women are there is talk.
Don’t look at all you see and don’t listen to all you hear

Two men were going hunting one day and they had two days. They met a hare and the dogs ran after him and caught him. The dogs took a bit of flesh off his forehead and he got away. He jumped into an old house and the man looked in to see the hare. What did he see but an old woman and a piece gone off her forehead.

race and several others until she became the most famous race horse in Ireland and the name “Kate Fisher” was mentioned at every race through the length and breath of Ireland fir years after.

They took to “the Road” to get on as lest they could and have existed to the present day partly by plying various trades such as tin-smith chimney-sweep peddling etc partly by begging and now and again by stealing necessaries of life when hard pressed. On the whole they are popular amongst the people and nobody grudges giving them a little help.
They are [?] of the soil and in many respects have preserved some of the old traits of our ancestors. When there caravans come into a district they pitch their camp on some commons or bye-road. Then the men folk set to making their wares- generally tin cans saucepans and other necessary household commodities or else go on a hunting expedition at which they are experts. While the women scatter to the different districts about.
Sometimes selling their wares but oftener begging. They carry news from district to district and on this acco7nt are often welcome visitors.
In addition to the above class there are also the usual tramp class-work shy gentry who drift from town to town always seeking fir work but never accepting it and live on the coppers they pick up on the road.

In olde n days and at present time the boys and girls delight in making toys at home. In my district the girls make dolls which are composed of rags and stuffed with saw dust or sheep wool and the nose, eyes and mouth were painted with ink or crayons on the face of the doll. Great pleasure is also derived from making clothes for these dolls. The girls also make Daisy-chains by putting daisies on a string.
The boys also make some peculiar toys to amuse themselves. One very popular toy which is made is a bird cradle which is used for catching birds and both boys and girls alike, enjoy this pastime. Some boys make guns out of the branches of the elder tree and they also make toy whistles out of the branches of the sycamore tree.
Crochet work was greatly indulged in in former times but it is not carried on except by some people at the present day. Patchwork quilts were also made by the girls

4. A rope or halter on a beast which is sold should be kept by the seller(the owner). If given away with the beast he gives away his luck.
5. Frogs are not lucky to come into a house.
6. If a chicken flies in over a corpse laid out, it should be killed otherwise the people of the house will have no luck.
7. If you have no luck in cattle, sell your best hen, and put the price into buying a good cow you will have luck in your cattle from that time forth.
8. When you milk your cow after calving put a penny (copper) in the milking vessel- it will ‘keep’ the butter for you.
9. If throwing out water at night say “Cuzaz! Cuzaz!” (leave the way) to any spirits that may be in the way.
10. If the butter is being taken from

1. If there be a thorn in the hand or foot that cannot be taken out easily. Rub a black snail on a thorn and as he is decaying the thorn will come out through the wound which has become septic.
2. Put your spoon always through the bottom of an egg- shell when you have eaten an egg, otherwise your enemy could come and take the shell and fill it with dew and hang it on a thorn. As the shell is decaying so would you be fading away.
3. The 7th son or the 7th daughter has a cure for “worms” in children, if when be is born there are 10 worms collected, one then thrown away and the remaining 9 put into the child’s hand. If the worms die away while in the hand, the child will have the cure.

A man names Pat Murphy of Drumlinney, Stranooden, Co. Monaghan was coming home from the Bog one day. He had had a wee drop too much potential and was very drunk indeed.
Suddenly he dropped off to sleep and his horse stopped and began to graze on the roadside.
While he slept along came a man, who losses the horse and took it away. When Pat woke sometime later on there was no sign of the animal.
Pat went to a neighbouring house and asked the woman if his horse was in he stable.
“No”, she replied.
Pat scratched his head. “Well,” he says at long last.
“If I’m Pat Murphy

A man names Pat Murphy of Drumhinney, Stranooden, Co. Monaghan was coming home from the Bog one day. He had had a wee drop too much potential and was very drunk indeed.
Suddenly he dropped off to sleep and his horse stopped and began to graze on the roadside.
While he slept along came a man, who losses the horse and took it away. When Pat woke sometime later on there was no sign of the animal.
Pat went to a neighbouring house and asked the woman if his horse was in he stable.
“No”, she replied.
Pat scratched his head. “Well,” he says at long last.
“If I’m Pat Murphy

The water
The sun,
What goes in dry and comes out wet?
Tea.
Why is a black hen better than a white hen?
Because a black hen can lay a white egg, and a white hen can’t lay a black egg.
As I went over the hill of wonders I saw twelve bulldogs tearing the hill asunder?
A Harrow
Hairy in and Hairy out, Hairy in to Mary’s mouth?
A stocking.
When would three black hens make three white ones?
When they are plucked
As I went out a wet gap I met a man with a red cap, timber toes, iron nose and on my word he’d frighten the crows?
A gun
If you climb a tree what would you fall against?
Against your will.
Long legs, short thighs as little head and no eyes?
A tongs
What turns without moving?
Milk.
Why does a cow look over the ditch?
Because she couldn’t look under it.
I have a little red cow, she eats but never drinks?
A fire

To play tug-o-war children selected sides in this way. The two leaders faced each other and joined hands. The others got into a row one behind another round the waist. The leaders choose two words in a whisper such as red and green one having red and the other green. The children passed in a row under their arms and the last was held and asked which word she chose. If she said red she went behind the girl who chose red and if green she went behind the girl who chose green.
While passing under the arms they all sang a rhyme. Then the leaders went away some distance so as not to be heard and chose two other words and the children in the row passed under their arms again and this continued till all the children joined sides. The rhyme was something like this.
London Bridge is broken down,
Broken down; broken down,
London Bridge is broken down,
My fair lady,
Build it up with penny cakes

11. If one falls off his seat they say he’ll not be married the year.
12 If a cow calves at Whitsuntide a sod should be put on the calf as if to bury option or it will never stop bawling.
13 if a person is sponsor for two children in the one year one of them will die
14 if a tooth drops out you should gather it all up and stick it in a hole in the wall as you will want it all the last day.
15 When the hair is cut you should gather it all up and stick it in a hole in the wall as you will want it all the last day.
16 If you give your money to a collection for a poor man you may give away your luck
17 If you see a handkerchief that was lost on the road you should spit on it and say ‘bloody warts’ on it.
18 When you first hear the cuckoo look under your foot and if you see a grey hair you will live to be old.

And he turned her into a white stone. The three brothers went home and they never saw the woman after that.

Of the hills are dark and Misty it is supposed to be a sure sign of fine weather.
A circle near the moon indicates a faraway storm, and a circle some distance away from the moon indicates a near storm.
“Morning red and evening grey,
Makes the farmer run away.
“Morning great and evening red,
Makes the farmer shake his head”“If the weather is fine enough fir crops to be reaped
There’s no need to grumble when the weather gets rough”

them from the window frosts, and they are left in the pits until the following Spring. Some farmers do not pit their potatoes in the filed, but they take them home and make a large heap of them on the barn floor. Then they are "turned during the Spring months to prevent an early growth.
The spade used for digging has a long narrow iron head with an "ear" on the right hand side. Some spades have an "ear" on both sides in case the person using them be left footed. The handle is made of wood and is about 4 feet long.

Buttons. Shoes, musical Instruments. Typewriters Spoons, olive oil and the like. Skins and so on I wore a pair of boots got off the wreck. I also got spoons and Buttons from same source.
3. Other wrecked vessels whose cargoes came into Owenahineha bay and from which pitch pine logs have been taken and used fro window frames, doors, tables, etc

One child says the following, the others are ranged around, and pointing to each says
ene, dene, dini, dó, cata-a weno, wino, wo,
harps, pan, mustard, dam, deadly, dam
twenty-one, out goes she.
The person, on whom the last word falls, gives chase

As I went up a slippery gap,
I met my Uncle Davy,
He had timber toes
and Iron nose
And 'son my word
He'd frighten the crows." Scare-crow. A sun[?]Riddle me, riddle me ranter O!
My father gave me seeds to sow
The seeds were black and the ground was white
Riddle me, riddle me rantes[?] [writing, on papers]

Hopping on one leg say:
corsidí bucoidí up the wall
corsidí bucoidí down again.At the well and returning when children go for a drink each says,
"I went to the well to wash my head
And the chickens came after me picking brown bread."

bed. The father was glad to see his children safe again. When the children were gone to bed the stepmother said "I will lead the children far into the wood tomorrow where they will never get out of.
They went away next morning into the wood. This time they went far into the wood. The stepmother said
"I will go home for some bread for ye."
"All right" said the boy. The children began to go home after a while. But it was further into the wood they were going. At last they saw a little house. They went up to it. It was made of biscuits. The windows were made of sugar. The little boy had a bag for blackberries. He

There was once an old man who was coming home from his neighbour's house. It was about twelve o'clock at night and it was a very dark night. The man saw something in the distance and he thought it was two white horses. Every time that the man looked backed the horses seemed nearer ad nearer. When the man saw that the horses were only about one hundred feet behind him he ran to an old shed to hide from them. When the horses saw the man running the horses followed him. The horses stood outside of the shed all night. The old man fell asleep and when he awoke up in the morning the horses were gone.

27 Every person and thing praised should receive a blessing - A nice girl "God bless her"
,, ,, cow ,, ,, ,,
28 The first drop of milk was milked on the ground some said for the fairies; others maintain it was to be sure there was no dirt on the pap[?]
30. If a person went astray to night he turned his coat inside out.
31. Funerals always went by the longest and oldest routes.
32. Parents did not buy a cot or cradle for their first child - they borrowed one or got one made from old boxes or waited to be presented with one.
33. Old people always made a wish when eating the first meal of new potatoes.
34. Housekeepers burned the hair on the newly calmed cow's with a blessed candle.
35. When visiting a church for the first time people make three requests and there they believed theirs got.
36. In some localities and by some families the custom is that relatives dig the graves for their friends and head the funeral procession as well as fix the last sod on the graves while in others people do not dig their own graves

When there is a ring around the sun the people say the rain is near. When there is a ring near the moon it is the sign of rain. When there is a good many stars in the sky at night and if they are twinkling it is the sign of heavy frost. When the swallows fly low and close to the ground it is a sure sign of rain. When the sky is red in the evening, it is the sign of storm. When the crickets sing sharp and loud it is also a sign of rain. When puss sits on the hearth wiping his face it is the sign of rain. The crows circle around and dive

is clear, and no ring around it, there is going to be good weather. If there is a clear blue sky and the sun to be clear, it is a sign of good weather.
Generally if the weather, coming the smoke goes straight up into the sky. There are blue blazes in the fire before a storm. If the sky is red at the sunset it is sign of good weather.

Ballinacleithe is situated about a mile to the north-east of Watergrasshill Village on the Watergrasshill - Bartlemy Road called the "Tallow Road" in Olden days.
It was the scene of a fierce and bloody battle fought between the O'Keeffes and the Barrys. The date would be sometime between 1640 and 1680.
Before proceeding to the account of the battle. I will give a short account of the events which led up to it. Before the Norman Invasion. The O'Keeffe Clan was one of the largest in the South of Ireland both in numbers of men and territory. Their district was the Barony of Duhallow, the Barony of "Fermoy" and part of the present barony of Condons and Clangibbons. South East From was the O Kehane country their dun being at Castelyons. After the Norman Invasion the Barrys got possession of the O'Kehane lands.
The MacCarthy Clan got possession of O'Keeffe territory around Millstreet and Drishane. This Clan built Drishane Castle in 1436. The clan O'Keeffe were then deprived of most of their possessions, in the west by the Mac Carthys, in the North East by the Roches and the Barrys. The Seat of the Roches being Fermoy, the Barrys at Carrogtowhill and CastleLyons. The O'Keeffe's were continually making raids on those people who had taken

the age of 80 told me that he remembered one night when they had nothing in the house but a turnip. The father and mother ate the kin and gave the good part of the turnip to the children.

townlands.
The famine does not seem to have hit the district as it did other places. The people were terribly poor and during the famine there was a government distribution of yellow meal. On man and his son had one head of cabbage in the garden - they were Rigneys -The son wanted to eat the head of cabbage for the supper but the father insisted that they keep it for the morning as that was all they would have for the day. But in the morning they found that the head of cabbage had been stolen during the night.
One old man Mitchell who died out 20 years ago at

The fireplace was in the middle of the floor. There was a hole in the middle the roof for a chimney. The material used to build the house was stone and mortar. There were three doors in the houses long ago. The people long ago had rods to close the door ways. The people had the rods matted together. These doors were called wicker-doors. There were three or four windows in every house long ago. There was no glass in the windows in olden times. There was rods matted together in some the windows. The material used to make the floor was stone and mortar.
The people used timber and turf to make a fire. Long ago the people had large fires of timber and turf down at night-time.

The houses long ago were roofed with with wood and scraws and straw. Th people thatched the house with straw when they threshed the oats out of it. There were no slated houses in olden times. There was a bed in the kitchen in the houses long ago. The bed was near the fire. The young children slept in that bed.

window in every room. The material they had for building a house was stones and mortar. There was a half door in every house in olden times.
They had a hole in the roof for a chimney. Some of the chimneys were made of rods. The floor was made of stones and mortar. In very olden times the doors were made of rods. They had candles to show them light at night-time. They made the candles themselves. They had timber and turf for the fire. There was one door in every house in olden times. The timber was mostly used for the fires.

the string until they had the necklace made.
Another game they used play long ago was "fool stool". They used get four stones, and they used put one stone in the middle. The girl who used be in the middle used be called the fool. When the other four girls are trying to pass from one place to the other the fool tries to get her stones.
The young boys are very fond of making small boats. Long ago they used be made with a piece of wood, and it used be made round on both ends. Then they used get three feathers, and put them

somethings they play against other parishes. They go skipping also with ropes. They say a rhyme when they are doing this and it is as follows-: tinker, tailor, soldier, sailor, rich-man, poor-man, blind-man, beggar man, chief, doctor, lawyer, Indian, chief.
Another game the girls used play, was making necklaces with daises. They used pull the stems out of the daises, and then there used be a small little hole left. They used put white string into the holes. They used keep putting daisies on

were blocked with a piece of paper. A twig was shoved through the hole in the gun, and then the paper flew out. Th boys found great sport in doing this.
The boys and girls of this district can play "pickey". It is played in a field lined out a shown in the diagram.
The competitor kicks a stone from one field into the other, all the while hopping on one leg and without touching any of the lines.
Th girls have different games now from the games they had long ago. The most common one is hurley. They play it on Sunday evenings, and

play very much at present is bag-race. Three or four of them go into big bags, and they run away as fast as they can. Some of them take short steps, and others jump, but whoever comes in first gets a prize. They play the three legged race in school, and some of them can run very fast.
Long ago when the boys had no football they used make "Pop-guns". A boy would go to the wood for a stick of elder about six inches long. Then the fibrous stuff was shoved out with a ram-rod. When the stick was empty in the middle both sides

they set the crib and put bread and worms into it. When the birds saw these things she flew in and the crib fell on him. Sometimes they made cages and kept the birds.
At the present day the boys have different games but now and then they play the old ones. One of the most common games around here is football. They play it during their playhours in school and during their their leisure hours at home. Some of them are very interested in it, and they play against other teams, when they can play well.
Another game which the young boys

On one occasion a young son was born to the Lord of Mitchelstown. A witch foretold the death of the child by drowning. To obviate the ill-omened prediction the lord had a castle erected on Cathair Druinne at a considerable

tower of Cathair Druinne about four miles southwards from Mitchelstown.
That it sands on an eminence far removed from a water supply on the confines of the territory of clan Gibbon would seem to suggest that it was little more than a watch tower of the White Knight over the adjacent lands of the Roches

the 11th of February. Match-making was also largely carried on there. The townland is called Kilgobnet.
About a mile nearer to Baliingarry is Ballyscanlon where a fair was held yearly on the 20th of September. There was faction fighting and match-making carried on there also. The faction fighters were the three year olds and four year olds. The last fair was held about 98 years ago and my great grandmother was present at it. There was then a small village at Ballyscanlon. There were two public houses one other shop and a number of small houses. The small shop there was owned by Casey. There are only very trifling remains of these houses now west of Dan Byrnes' yard along the Polly road.
Ballyscanlon was formerly owned by the Scanlons who sold it to the O'Mahonys. Dan Byrnes got it from O'Mahonys.

The "Fair of the Well" was held near Castletown Conyers about 4 miles from Ballingarry. The reason it was called The "Fair of the Well" is it was held in the field where St. Gobnet's well is. That field is still called the fair field. It was at the fair of the well that first famous faction fight was held in this district.it sabot 80 years ago since the last fair was held there.
The faction fighting started with two bulls. The bulls were called the three year old and the four year old. The two bulls would be put fighting. No matter which bull would win the two owner's the bulls would start to fight and after a while the people would fall in with both sides. The people would shout and say anybody for the three year old and anybody for the four year old. They would fight with scythes and sticks and in the last fight of all they used guns. That was carried out for many a year.Many people lost their lives there. This fair was held only once a year on

They used to make there own cleaves and basket out of rods long ago.
There were two sorts of baskets called scibh and the deep basket.
The scibh was a basket round and shallow and the other was very deep.

ever side get the toss are entitles to the ring.
Hides are played at present and are a very healthy game. A match is made, and then a penny is tossed and whatever side get the toss can go in hide. The other party try to get them and if they see them they say "hex".
Puicín is an indoor game which can be played by any number of children. At first one of the party in blindfolded, and then he trys to catch the others. If he suceed the boy will have to put on the Puicín.

6. As round as an apple
As plump as a ball
Can climb the church even
Steeple and all
(the sun)7.It's as round as an apple, and as flat as a pan
It's one side a woman and the other a man
(A penny)8. It's round and sound and it's a pound and it doesn't weigh an ounce
(sovereign)9. It's as round as an apple and as deep as a cup
And all the Kings horses couldn't pull it up
(A well)10. How many bills does a hen stick in the ground before she has enough eaten?
(One)11.A duck behind and a duck before a duck and duck in the middle between two ducks. How many ducks is that?
(three ducks)12. If a curt of coal cost 1/6, what would 5 curts come to?
(Ashes)13. why was Adam a good runner?
(Because he won the human race)14. Why is a black hen prouder than a white hen?
(Because a black hen can lay a white egg but a white hen cannot lay a black egg)

eggs for over a fortnight.
The thrush'es nest is of the same kind, but the eggs are different in colour, they are green with black spots. She lays only four eggs.
The magpie builds its nest in a blackthorn bush. It is a very cold nest made chiefly of sticks and grass. Near three weeks it takes the bird to hatch the eggs.
The hawk builds its nest in the wall of an old ruined house or in an ivy bush. The eggs are nearly white in colour, and it takes the bird nearly three weeks to hatch the eggs.
The rook builds its nest on the top of a tree and the crow builds on the top of a chimney. These nests are made of sticks and grass or hay. The pigion builds its nest in an ivy bush or among the beaches of a tree.
Weather is judged in many ways by the behaviour of certain birds. When starlings come to us cold weather is coming. When rooks are seen soaring, a gale is supposed to be near. When swallows fly high, fine weather is supposed to be coming.

They are never seen in this district in Summer, except on very rare occasions. The wren builds her nest in a furge[?] bush, or in a hole in a ditch, and it is chiefly made of moss. She lays about twenty eggs, and sometimes more. The eggs are white in colour, and there is a very tender shell on them.
It takes her about a fortnight to hatch the eggs.
The robin builds in a hole in ditch, and she makes a very nice nest. It is made with moss and hay and the inside is lined with hair. She sits on the eggs for a bout two week. The eggs are white whit black spots here and there.
The lark builds its nest on the ground near a bunch of heather or in a furge [?] bush. It is made of hay and is lined with hair. The eggs are black in colour.
The lark sits on the eggs a fortnight.
The blackbird builds its nest in a big bush generally; which is made of hay and mud, and is a very strong nest. She lays five eggs, which are coloured blue with black spots. The blackbird sits on the

magic harps Jack had his eye on both things. The giant kept a cage beside the bed and he kept both things in it. This night Jack came out of the press and he went to the giant's room.
The giant had a bell at the cage and anyone that would go near the cage it would ring and when Jack went to the cage it rang. The giant heard it and he jumped out of bed. Jack ran away as fast as he could until he came to the stalk Jack always left his hatchet at the bottom of the stalk. Then he ran down the stalk as fast as he could until he got to the bottom. He took the

someone went to drive the bird out it was found that the cock was "stone blind".Another woman and a great friend of my own from the village above (meaning Knocknagree) went to Máire, said Mrs Dennehy, but she didn't ask Máire to cure her. When she got to the house it was early morning and Máire wasn't at home. Her daughter didn't know where she had gone. While the two women were talking in walked Máire without a shawl or cloak with her sleeves rolled up and her two arms and hands so black as any coal could be. The two women looked at her and at last her daughter asked her what happened to her. She said "They kept me turning turf all night". They, of course, were the "Good People", and when M-. C-.(her friend in Knocknagree where family still resides there) heard that, she had nothing more to do with Máire.

Q. Eight arms and no hands.
A wooden leg but cannot stand.
A. An umbrellaQ. Why is a ice girl like the nave of a wheel?
A. because she is surrounded with fellas.Q. What has a neck and can't move it?
A. A bottle.Q. Round mossy hole.
In goes stumpy?
A. A wren going into its nest.Q. what is brought to the table aNd is cut, but is never eaten?
A. A pack of cards.Q.What has a white petticoat and a red head?
A A lighted candle.Q. What goes up the stairs white and comes down read?
A. A letter.

on to the road and across into the fields beyond. He listened till the sound died away in the distance. Then he went to the well, took up his cans of water and went home without seeing or hearing anything remarkable.
Next day he asked the owner of the field, who lives in Farrenmore[?] Farrell House if he has horses in that filed the night before. The owner said no or any other animal. Then he told him what he had heard. The owner said "You can hear that any night. I have heard it several times."
There is a gate near that house which never can be locked. It has been tried several times and next morning the lock always open but never broken.

There is a fort near our house in the town land of Ballyhadown Drimoleague Co.Cork. it is circular in shape with a stone ditch all round it. There was an entrance hole in it long ago but it is not there now. It is said that a man put cows into it and in the evening one cow was gone. When the man went looking for the cow he saw a little man standing at the hole and the cow with him.
The fairy told the man that they were keeping the cow to get milk from her and they would pay him for her. When the man got up in the morning he found a guinea near the fire and he told the neighbours that it was surely from the fairy. the owner of this fort never interfered with it because it is said that it is unlucky to be meddling with it.

There is a fort near our house in the town land of Ballyhadown Drimoleague Co.Cork. it is circular in shape with a stone ditch all round it. There was an entrance hole in it long ago but it is not there now. It is said that a man put cows into it and in the evening one cow was gone. When the man went lookiing for the cow he saw a little man standing at the hole and the cow with him.
The fairy told the man that they were keeping the cow to get milk from her and they would pay him for her. When the man got up in the morning he found a guinea near the fire and he told the neighbours that it was surely from the fairy. the owner of this fort never interfered with it because it is said that it is unlucky to be meddling with it.

According to Jer Reid’s of Kilgore, Rathanny the only good singer was Mick Kavanagh, Rathany- locally called “Mick Kavan”- He used sing at all weddings - and was much sought after as he was very good for singing all kinds of English songs. (Anglo-Irish).

in Winter used to go from house to house- being at one house one night and at another the next and so on. The same occurred at Ceim.

Dancing schools were held in this parish in the following places: Ballincullig, Cam, Shanaknock. These were probably held about 60 or 70 years ago. The teacher at Ballinculllig and Ceim[?] was Maurice Brosnan. (Jer Reid’s does not know where this man hailed from- but says he was a “tapping dancer”) The Teacher at Shanaknock was Pat Reidy of Castleisland Dancing was held in John Keane’s house and John O’Sullivan was the fiddle player. He does not know where OSullivan came from. He says that OSullivan also played at Ballincullig and Ceim.
The Step-dancers at Ballincullig at that time used dance on the roadside in Summer and

for his weekly hire, and was employed by farmers during the morning season often mowed an Irish acre of hay in the day.
ii) Jet Hogan. Tylough. a labourer or spailpin who worked also with farmers during the mowing season often mowed an Irish area in the day.
iii) Tadhg Sheehan of Ballincullig - the owner of a small farm was also a great mower - often cutting slightly more than an Irish acre in the day,

pieces out of their hair to see if by any chance they would marry her.
This boy was there and his clothes were all torn. And when they saw him going into the place all the people were saying, "Surely it is not you that she is going to marry."
All the people had their piece of hair in their hands to know was it the same as the piece the King had in his hand. The bit of hair the King had in his hands was not like any of that belonging to the other people; but this boy who was waiting to go into the palace , all the people were saying, "Surely it is not you."
But that was the boy that the piece of hair was just like his own hair.
So he married the princess and they lived in the palace very happy for ever after.

had a lot of horses and magic wands. The servant boy went home that evening and he never told the farmer that he had killed the witch.
Whoever would kill her would marry the kings daughter. Once a month a wild animal used to come in from the sea and all the young girls used to have to go where the wild animal used to write her name, and whatever name would be drawn out that's the girl that the wild animal would eat.
This day it was the King's daughter's name was drawn, the king said whoever would save his daughter could marry her.
The servant boy was standing looking on and he struck the wild animal and killed it.
The king cut a piece of his hair in such a way that she would know him and she kept the piece of hair until the day came that he had to come to the palace so that she would know that he was the boy she was going to marry.
When the day came that he had to go to the palace a terrible crowd went to see them and they were all cutting

Long ago there was a farmer who had a servant boy.
The man had a lot of cows and he used to send the boy minding them along the road-side.
There was a place in the wood and the framer told the boy not to leave the cows in the field where the palace was built.
He used to have the cows in the field every day but the farmer did not know that. Because he told him if the witch caught him that they would kill him.
One day the farmer sent the servant boy minding the cows and he drove them into the filed. The witch came along with a wand in her hand to kill the boy, and the boy went behind the tree, so she was not able to kill him. The boy had a small piece of a stick in hs hand and he hit the witch with it and killed her. The witch

My grandfather, Donal Scally, Ballyteague, Ballycommon Daingean, Offaly was a very swift runner and also a good jumper. He nearly always jumped gates. When he mowed meadows or corn, he would leap off the morning machine to follow a rabbit that had run out of the corn or meadow and when he would be running at full speed he would take off his coat and throw it over the rabbit.

The best weight lifter is Paddy Geoghan Balleck, Durrow, Offaly. He is abe to lift four curts[?]. The best curt [?] thrower is thomas Fox Bracklin, Kilbeggan, West-Meath. He is able to throw a weight half a curt twenty feet. When James Dunne is cutting his corn and a rabbit runs out of the corn he will keep following the rabbit until he catches it. The best walker is Frank Dunne Bracklin, Kilbeggan, West meath. He is able to walk a mile in less than ten minutes. The best jumper is Patrick Thompson Wood O. Tullamore, Offaly. He is able to jump a gate six feet high. Thomas Finally is a very good mower. He is able to mow an acre of corn or meadow in a day, and another man would not be able to mow any more than a half acre in the day. The best turf cutter is William Farrell. He is able to cut two hundred boxes of turf in a week.

ashore his life would be spared. Fr. Hegarty realised that it would take a boat a long time to come from the other side and he thought his strength would hardly hold out for that length of time. So. he resolved to give himself up and chance the consequences.
He stepped ashore and came forward to where the soldiers stood. When he reached them Vaughan drew his sword and cut off his head. The head is supposed to have hopped nine times on the ground and to have made nine holes. Nine holes are in three rows of three and no grass grows in them.
Vaughan received f5[?] for the priest's head. His body was buried close to the spot where he fell and the grave is still to be seen there. Many people came to see it. On it are many medals, beads etc.
The rock at the shore near where he was killed is still called Fr. Hegarty's Rock. When a person is going along the shore some distance away the clefts in the rock seem to him to form a black cross.

people put up a May pole. A pole or sick is put up on a pole in the ditch, and flowers tied all around it.
On Saint John's night a custom was always held of making bonfires. Children and grown ups gathered to the bonfires and had great fun.
On the assumption the people use to walk in processions with bands.
On Hallow Eve the people eat nuts and apples. With these nuts and apples the children played games at night. At night young men go around the houses battering the doors with cabbage stalks.
Christmas day is a great feast. Before Christmas the young men of this district dress themselves in paper hats. They then went around the houses rhyming. They are called the Christmas rhymers. In the afternoon of Christmas day the people use to play a game of camogie, with old turned sticks. They called it caman at that time.
The day after Christmas is called boxing day. A lot of horse racing was always held on the day.
New Years Day is also a great feats. The Epiphany is called old Christmas.

the young lady peeping from behind the coat said "Pup Jack Devereaux pup." So Jack and his party took her away.

I. Walter Burke, Kinnagrelly, Collooney, got the following riddles from my father, Edward Burke who is fifty four years of age. He heard them from his father, Edward Burke who died in 1916, aged sixty five years, and who also lived in Kinnagrelly.
Q. Tom and his wife and Pat and his sister went out to rob a bird's nest. There were four eggs in the 'nest' if they took an egg each how many were left?
A. One. Because Tom's wife was Pat's sister.
Q. Why is the letter "N" like a pig sty?
A. Because it is the beginning of "Nasty".
Q. The half of the moon, the whole of the hill a little town in Ireland stands still.
A. Mohill

First, the man makes a frame with four rods (frame about 20" x 14"). The frame is laid on a level part of the field and fastened in the ground with four small "keepers". Then, he gets 18 long rods. Six rods are stuck on each side and three on each end. Next, he gets 18 long rods to put on the first ring. When those 18 rods are wafted we have the first ring. Next, the man gets 18 long rods and puts on a second ring. When that ring is wafted he gets 18 long rods and puts on the third ring. The creel is then high enough and the bottom can be turned. The "studs" in the bottom are turned, each one from the opposite direction. Fine rods are woven in the bottom, to leave it close enough. Then the creel is finished.

the bottom of the thatch and also for cleaning the "course". The needle was used for sewing the first coat of thatch in the rafters.

Once upon a time a man dreamt that there was gold hidden up in Ballyluskey. He was from Goldscross. First he went to some graveyard over in Kyle but the man of the Halls that owned the graveyard had not heard that gold had been hidden there. Then he went to some graveyard that was in Newtown but he did not get it there. Then he went to Magoury and he knew it was that graveyard he dreamt about and he got the gold. The three churchyards belonged to three brothers and they were the three oldest graveyards in Ireland.

hay just outside his door. In the boat there sat a little man. The man thought he was one of the neighbours so he went down to the boat. He went down to the boat and he told the man in the boat that he was going to Ballydehot and that he would be very thankful to him if he would row him over in the boat. The little man in the boat said that of course he would , so in he went. Off went the boat and the old man was as amazed at its swiftness that he thought he was in a dream until he saw a beautiful city all lighted up with electricity. He asked the little man where he was. He told him that this was the city of New York and asked him if he had any friends there. The old man told him that his brother lived there ad that he knew his address but he could not find him. The little man asked him for the address and when the old man told him he led him to the end of

Where the creamery is now, in the olden days, basket and short making, and tanning leather were carried on. The creamery yard is now often called "The Tan Yard."
Another common craft was nail-making. The names of the nailers were as follows; Jor. Sheehan, Percival Street, Karnturk, barony of Duhallow, County Cork and Con Callaghan, Bluepool, Kanturk. The nails were made by hand, and wore turned out in hundred daily.
Coopering also was a flourishing industry. Mr. Relihan, Water Gate Street, Kanturk used to make barrels and churns.
Spades, gates, ploughs and fire cranes were made by Jim Buckley, Strand Street, Kanturk, commonly known as "Big Jim", and by other Buckleys of Percival Street, Kanturk, who were blacksmiths.
One of the principle thatchers was Charles Doherty of Derrygallon in the barony of Dunhallow, County cork, who was responsible for the art of forming a clock of scallops in the caves of most of the houses on which he worked. Limekilns were in use in

their way.
They had not gone far when the meet a a crowd of men "Shame on you two selfish heams[?] to overload the poor little donkey, You better off and better able to carry the ass than the ass is able to carry you. So in the end they got a big plank, and they tied the asses feet together, and they put him up on the plank, and put each end of the plank on their own shoulders, and went along on their way, and as

We have a churn at home. It is twenty five inches tall. It is fifteen inches at the top and twenty at the bottom. The sides are round. It is twenty years of age. The various parts are called the crib, the lagoon and the bottom. There are no marks on the churn.
Butter is made twice a week in Winter and once week in Summer. We send on our milk to the creamery in the Summer time and we only churn the weekend milk.
My mother does the churning. The stranger who come in do not help with the churning it[?] takes about an hour in the Winter and less in the Summer time to churn the milk. The churning is done by hand. The churn dash is moved upward and downwards and sometimes it is given a rolling motion from side to side.
The butter is made when it gathers around these of the churn. Water is sometimes poured in. The butter is lifted out by hand and put into a butter dish and salted and washed a few times and put into half pound prints.
The butter milk is given to calves and pigs and it is used for

About seventy years ago there lived a woman in Carton, a village in Killasser. She had been a Catholic, but had become a Protestant during the penal times. Catholics hated her because she had forsaken her religion, but Protestants loved her and called her "St.Mary," - her name was Mary.
She died like any human, and all was well until the day of her funeral. Who the coffin was taken from the house, the sky was suddenly darkened and millions of black crows flew down so around the coffin and almost knocked it off the shoulders of the bearers. People believe that all the crows in Ireland were there trying to punish her for her wickedness.

An old man names Jim Mack lived in Egan some years ago. He used to attend Mass in Cappamore. He was uneducated and often said "good ones.". The boys liked to draw him out.
One Sunday they asked him about the work he had been doing for the week and he told them. He said he was in the bog on Friday with a "meehal"[?]
They asked him how many men were working with him. Jim said five and began to count them thus "the two Kennedys, one myself, two" and so on, he could get only four men each time and was very puzzled. Poor Jim kept counting thus for a long time before someone told him his mistake.
Another time a neighbour was reading a newspaper account of a shipwreck. Jim was listening and said when the reader was finished "Wisha, I doan know why they do be going in them ships to America at all"
"Why" said one of the listeners "what other way could they go?"
"Herra[?]" said Jim "if I was going' Id go round be the bank."

told him next evening who the ghost was, and after that he never mentioned his great courage.

But cruel as my lot was
I never did sorrow know
Till I joined the English ranks
Far way from Aherlow5
Rouse up there says the corporal
You lazy Irish hound
Why don't you hear, you slepy dog
The call to arms sound
Alas I had been dreaming
Of days long long ago
I woke before Sebastapool
And not in Aherlow6
I groped to find my musket
How dark I thought the night
O blessed God: it was not dark
It was in the broad daylight
And when I found that I was blind
My tears began to floe
I long for even a paupers grave
In the Glen of Aherlow7
O Blessed Virgin Mary
Mine is a mournful tale
A poor blind prisoner here I am
In Dublin's deary jail

"It was usual in those days to have the people of a parish form a committee. This committee looked after the church and schools if any." W. Casey

The most harmful weeds growing in my garden are the dock roots. They are most harmful because they spread rapidly.
They grow only where they find good land. They grow in the middle of the crops and after a while come as plentiful as the crop itself.
Wild Sage is another plant which grows in the ditches and is used as medicine. It is used for weak people. It is pulled and boiled in water. Then the water is used as medicine.
There are a lot of these plants used for feeding animals. There are not any of them used for people.
Bannikene is a plant which is used for poison. It is a deadly poison to trout or salmon.

pull it there is a juicy substance which is poisonous and is used to kill fish in the river.

The most harmful weeds growing on our farm are the Dockroot and the Thistle. They are found in the cornfield and if not pulled before they seed they spread rapidly.
The thistle grows in the good land and is very difficult to find in the corn. It has sharp bristles which hurt the hands.
The wild sage is a herb found growing on the sides of ditches and was very much used by the old people for medicine. It was pulled, boiled for a long time cooled and put into bottles and corked and used just as the medicine is used at present. It was good for indigestion and for a hurt or injury.
Bannickeen is a green plant found in most land. When

you stayed at home, but he went on and performed his "Rounds" and drank the water of the well. Then a voice said to him give these crutches to the man you met. He did , and walked home cured.
There is a bush growing by the well and when the people have the "Rounds" given and the prayers said they put a white rag or a handkerchief on this bush.

When the sky is red in the evening it is a sign of warm weather. If the sun rises clear it is the sign of a wet day and if it rises cloudy it is a sign of a good day. When there is a ring around the moon it is the sign of rain. If the moon comes in on its back it is the sign of bad weather. When there are steaks out of the sun in the evening it is the sign of rain. A rainbow is a sign of showery weather. If the smoke goes straight up to the sky if foretells fine weather. If the curlew is flying towards the bog it is sign of good, and if he is flying towards the up-land it is the sign of rain. If the robin sings at the bottom of the bushes it is a sign of bad weather and if he sings at the top, it is a sign of good weather. The robin cries for food before a snowstorm. When there is going to be a snow storm the blackbird hops around the houses looking for food. When the frogs are brown it is a sign of good weather and when they are black it is a sign of rain. If the cat sits with her back to the fire it is a sign of rain. When a dog is eating grass it is a sign of rain.

Moonmenane is my home district. It is situated in the parish of Clone in the barony of Upper Third. I live about a quarter of a mile away from a hill. The name of the hill is Croughaurn. It is about four miles long and its height is one thousand two hundred and fifteen feet. On the top of the hill there is a dirt of heap of stones with steps leading to the top. This marks the highest point and it is called the pinnacle. It is a custom of all who go up to put a stone on top of the pinnacle. There are a couple of dug-outs on the top of the hill. There is a good view from the top of Croughawn. Bonmahon and Clones Strand can be easily seen without glasses from the top of the hill and the whole countryside for miles around.
Croughawn is South of my home. On the North runs the river Clodiagh. This river is about fifteen miles long and is a fast flowing river with a gravelly bottom. There are two villages on its banks, namely, Clonea and Portlaw

which remains now is a high wall standing erect, an arch, and a small portion of a stone stairs. It is situated in a field called "Ballymullen " and it is said that the whole field was occupied by the castle at some time. the old people say that three foxy girls will be killed when the big wall of the castle falls. Others say that the nicest and most handsome girl in Tralee will be killed when it falls.

The ruin of this castle is situated in Ballymullen on the bank of that river which was mentioned in the story of "The Seven Bell Hole". It was situated at across roads and from that roads run to Ballyard and Clahane. There is also another road going sideways to Ballyseedy, Farmersbridge and Castlemaine. Another road goes to the town of Traleee and still another to Rathass and Castleislan.
It is possible to go from this castle to the castle in the green through an underground passage. There is also an underground passage going from this Castle to Ballybeggan Castle. These castles are situated about tow miles from one another but n the olden time sit was easy to go from one to the other by means of thesis passages and no one would be the wiser. Those passages were very useful in time of war.
The only part of Caste Desmond

butcher said he would cut the head of the man who put his leg on the ladder. The young officer understood that "a good run is better than a bad stand" "the person who is not strong must be clever and the officer understood this. He spoke loudly and said that he would have nothing to do with the business that he would leave it to Denny himself. Then he ordered his soldiers to turn on their heels and retreat. The crowd shouted and faced Denny. He did to stop cursing. It would have been better for him to keep his mouth closed. The crowd attached him and he fled, but before he reached his own door he got many a blow on the head. He was very weak and gentle afterwards and the bell chimed as usual.

in the hand of every mother's son of them and they were ready to protect the bell agains the English. They were the butchers of the town. Denny moved a couple of steps towards them, but he was cast roughly back. He started to insult them and cursing them fiercely. He was screaming and roaring like a mad lion and walking up and down.
By this time many of the crowd had got iron bars and sticks and stones and they were ready to stand by the butchers in the fight. At length the soldiers arrived and a passage was made for them. Denny called as loudly as he could to them. Denny called as loudly as he could to them to take down the bell. The young officer ordered on elf his men up the ladder. The soldier stepped forward but if he did a butcher jumped in front of him axe in hand. All the butchers came forward and the crowd shouted in praise of them. The officer understood that it was a dangerous business and he was in a fix. Th butchers were out before him and the people behind him. He was between two minds. Denny was calling to him to take down the clock and the

was angry.
He called a servant and told him to go for a company of soldiers as fast as he could. The messenger started very quickly but as soon as his master's house was out of sight he went slowly. He conversed with a woman he met and he told her the whole story. The woman spread the story and in less than no time everyone knew and a crowd of people gathered near the church. Denny put a ;one ladder against the front of the church. Everything was ready and he only to wait for the soldiers. A person saw a crowd of men advancing, they were speaking loudly as they trotted along. The crowd looked at them and they knew they were not soldiers because they were not in uniform. They came up to the crowd and in the twinkling of an eye they made their way through the crowd. They never stopped until they came to the ladder and they stood in the form of a wonderful company. They were shoulder to shoulder. They were treacherous and fearless. There was a big long sharp shining knife

As the penal laws were relaxed about the year 1830 there was a hedge school in the townland of Townwhite[?] where Mr. John Kelly lives at present. The master taught a few years there under very poor circumstances. There was another school in a byre belonging to a man lived where mrs. Stewart at present. This school was called Parker's school because the byre belonged to a name names Parker. Just between 75 and 90 years a go a man names Gallagher, grandfather of the present master Gallagher of Killargue taught there. The seats were rocks of stones with boxes of hay for coverings. The pens were made of quills pulled from the wing of a goose. The teachers pay was small, six or seven pounds all that the parents of the children could afford to pay.

Return good for evil.
A stitch in time saves none.
Plough deep while sluggards sleep and you will have corn to sell and keep.
Better alone than in bad company.
He who by the plough must drive himself must either hold or drive.
The day of the wind is not the day for the scolips[?].
The nature of the beast breaks out n the eyes of a cat.

There is a sunken rock half a mile from Kilcuimin, they call it "Monisiur"[?]. It is said that it was an enchanted monastery. There was a Chieftain who lived in Castlemagee at that time. He got up early one morning and he looked out towards the rock and seen the tide gone and the bushes

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night fighting and every time the boy would try to hit the Chieftan, he would feel nothing but air. The boy went home in the morning and told his people about the ghost.
He went to bed with his skin all black and blue, where the ghost beat him. His people went to the strand, and they were surprised to find the track of when chains were pulling on the sand. The boy lived only a few days after.
Although he was the only son of his widowed mother. The fisher men never had to come in again when they were getting plenty of fish

He said that he had the fish well earned himself and not to be giving them to him. Then the two of them began fighting. The young boy was an over match for the chieftain. The he saw he was getting weak he said, "Dead or alive, I will knock it out of you."
Then the young boy said, "I don't care for you, dead or alive." He killed the Chieftan.
Some time afterwards he was in Killala. He went across Cortoon to go across the ferry going to Castlemagee. As he was going across the ferry he meet the Chieftan's ghost on the strand.
The two of them began fighting. They spent the whole

The ruins of some of some of those houses can still be seen. Some of those people went to America and they never returned. Some of them died and left not survivors after them then their houses fell down. I can only get the names of two families that I got details about are Kennedy and Greene.
Greene lived in a small hut. He had one son. One evening when his son was coming from school he went to a near-by lake which is situated in the townland also. There was ice on the lake. The boy found the ice strong at the brink of the lake. He went some distance out in the ice, but suddenly the ice broke and the boy slipped into the water

The name of my home district is Carranthomas. It is situated in the parish of Craughwell in the barony of Dunkellin in the Co. Galway. There are three families dwelling in it. The exact number living there is eleven. There are two thatched houses and one slated house on it. The slated house was built in the year 1905. The townland got its name from kill which is situated on it. It is a natural mound on the summit there stands a cairn by which the townland got it's name. The history of Thomas is unknown. There are no old people dwelling in the district. In former times houses were more numerous. There were eighteen house on it.