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124.Ceathrar sagart gan bheith, ceathrar francac gan bheith buidhe, ceathrar gréasaidhe gan bheith breagach. Sin daréag nach bhfuil sa tír125. Ní trimide loch an lacha, ní trimide an t-each an srian, ní trimide bó a ruball agus ní trimide ceann ciall
126. Scubann an scuab nua glan
127. Nuair ta an plur ithe ní h-é sin an t-am le na spáraíl
128. Is fearr go mall na go brathach
129. Ná cuir do corán i garraidh gan iarraidh130. Ni trí rudaí is dana sa dteach simléir deataí, bean cabach baisteach anuas131. Is fearr stuaim na neart
132. Is dana muc ná gabhair ach sháruig bean an deabhal
133. Nuair is cruaidh do cailleach caithe sí rith
134. Comh glic le sionnach
135. Comh bán le bainne
136. Ná sgreab go mbeadh tú amach as an gcoill
137. Níar cum Dia béal ariamh nár cum se rud le naighe
138. Má tá dialtos mall tá sé siurallta

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Bill Fitzgerald, Gleannaphouca, Listowel (now dead) lost a cow. He sent out the town-crier with the foll. anouncement.
"Lost, stolen or strayed from the town pits,
An iron cow with wooden tits,
Whoever finds her and brings her to Fitz.,
Will get a mouthful of threepenny bits".

(3) Said by boys playing.
"Mee-acka-óbó-very-good-so-so-meelock-merlock-meelock-shee
Mee-fati-onkoh-come-along-with-me-take-an-alla-boojoo-poor-China".(4) Abbeyfale for flour and male Newcastle west for horses,
Ballygologue for thieves and rogues and many ways for asses.(5) Oh my, oh my, what a handsome corpse I'll make when I die.(6) Tom Bawn Longadown, ate mate on Friday.
(7) "Up Listowel, Up Tralee, Up Mary Street and down Boherbee!"

na aithne bean Sean Tarpy' repeated the priest. 'Sead do deimhin a athair'' said Seamus. 'Gan hurlabha na aitne'' repeated the priest as if musing to himself. Applying his ash plant with a sudden sharp stroke to is horse, the priest went off at a hard trot. Mrs Tarpy was certainly the brightest soul in the parish the priest thought. Where was the parish collections she did not head or where was the want she did not hasten to relieve. Ans she must be very ill indeed gan hiomaire na aitne. Yes he would see her and he'd miss her very much if the worst was to befall. It took the priest not many minutes to do in horse back what it cost Seamus a good hour. Arriving at Mrs Tarpy's house he flung the ranes around the gate post and made towards the house. Opening the latched door entered, the light from without some what blinded him. 'Was this Mrs Tarpy'' Yes indeed Mrs Tarpy herself churning a large churn-full of milk.'' Mrs Tarpy was bewildered a little too at the unexpected entrance of the priest. Recovering quickly she advanced and a familiar céad míle fáilte welcomed the priest. The priest gazed hard with confusion and suddenly asked an raibh Seamus Byrne annseo inniu. 'Bhí go deimhin a athair."

na aithne bean Sean Tarpy' repeated the priest. 'Sead do deimhin a athair'' said Seamus. 'Gan hurlabha na aitne'' repeated the priest as if musing to himself. Applying his ash plant with a sudden sharp stroke to is horse, the priest went off at a hard trot. Mrs Tarpy was certainly the brightest soul in the parish the priest thought. Where was the parish collections she did not head or where was the want she did not hasten to relieve. Ans she must be very ill indeed gan hiomaire na aitne. Yes he would see her and he'd miss her very much if the worst was to befall. It took the priest not many minutes to do in horse back what it cost Seamus a good hour. Arriving at Mrs Tarpy's house he flung the ranes around the gate post and made towards the house. Opening the latched door entered, the light from without some what blinded him. 'Was this Mrs Tarpy'' Yes indeed Mrs Tarpy herself churning a large churn-full of milk.'' Mrs Tarpy was bewildered a little too at the unexpected entrance of the priest. Recovering quickly she advanced and a familiar céad míle fáilte welcomed the priest. The priest gazed hard with confusion and suddenly asked an raibh Seamus Byrne annseo inniu. 'Bi go deimhin a athair."

Every year they sell goods to travelling folk.Many of these tell fortunes and get money for doing so. These are called gipsies and camp for a week at a cross roads. They are not considered honest and people are more careful when they are about.

water. Eggs are kept for the next day.
EASTER SUNDAY.
People try to eat many eggs. Children eat Easter eggs. The sun dances in the sky.
ST.MARTIN'S DAY.
A fowl is killed and its blood is sprinkled on the front door step. It is sprinkled to keep out bad luck.
NOVEMBER EVE.
We crack nuts and eat apples. We dive into the water for apples and snap them from the ceiling. There is a place in the barrow called the Clamphole. It is said that if the water flows to its scource at that place that the barns would not hod the corn that day.
TWELVE DAYS OF CHRISTMAS.
We clean the house. We make the plum pudding, and the Christmas cake. On Christmas eve we kill a turkey. At night the Christmas candle is lit and is

meadow and say: "I'll mow three blows now in the name of the devil (sic).Then mow three swishes of the scythe and as soon as you have the third swish mown, stoop down and scrape the ground with your finger and a worm will come up at your feet at the same spot.Then catch the worm and put it into the prepared hole and, drive in the cork. Make the cork flush with the timber and then you'll have edge."On the following Sunday morning Jocko went out into the meadow with his scythe. He had made a hole in the scythe-tree with a gimlet and had a cork placed in the hole to fit tightly only a short distance in as he was told do by the beggar.Then he said that he would now mow three blows in the name of the devil.When he mowed the third swish with the scythe, he stopped down and scraped the ground.What came up but a Dearg Daol. (sic)The sight of that kind of worm was too much for Jocko. He ran with the fright and never after tried to work the beggar's plan for edge.When Jocko was asked afterwards if he'd use any other kind of worm that would come up, he said he would.

Bread which is one of our staple foods of the present day is nearly all baked in bakereries. But in country districts, like our district nearly all the backing is done at home.
Wee bake three kinds of bread, white, wheaten, and oatmeal. The white bread is made from the flour, we purchase in the shop. The wheaten bread is made from the wheat grown on our farm. These three sorts are baked in our own kitchen oven.

In former times, when doctors were scarce, and when people were poor and in out of the way districts, they looked for old cures for certain diseases such as Ringworm.The seventh son or daughter in succession can cure this. When they are born a worm is put into their hand and it dies. Ever after when the rub their hand on the spot where the ringworm is, it gets better.A sty in the eye, this can be cured by any-body. Point nine gooseberry thorns to the eye, throw away eight and then burn the ninth. Immediate improvement can be looked for.Wooping cough. There are two cures for this. One is, to drink asses' milk. The other is, if you meet a man riding on a grey horse, ask him for a cure and whatever he says let the invalid do it, and he will get better.Thrush, or foul mouth. A posthumous person, or a person who never saw his father has the cure for this. The person has to blow his breath into the Foul mouth three times while repeating some words.Burn. There is a herb called Ranach that grows in the bogs. Take the roots of this herb and rub them between your hands in clean water until

What is it that the more you pull it the shorter it gets.
a: A cigarett Did you ever see a whole day
a Because it always starts breakingWhat is it you never want, and when you have it you don't want to loose it.
a LawWhy does De Valera drink out of a cup
a Because all the mugs are working for himI have a grey goose, and she's of a great size. The man that would buy her would want to be wise. She carries her feet in her

waken up and follow him. The prince and princess went into the palace and as they were going in the princess told the pince that she was going up the stairs of the castle to a room and she told the prince to go into the kitchen and to be careful of the dog. The prince then promised the princess that he would marry her. He then went into the kitchen and sat down on a chair. He was not long resting when the dog jumped up and kissed him. He then ran out and left the princess behind him. She called

prince hit the steed and he ran and jumped a gate that was 22 feet high. The king got his army ready and followed the prince and princess. By a magic he was catching up to them and once he was very near them when the princess threw a drop of water into the cup and threw it behind her. Immediately a great lake sprang up. When the king reached the lake he could not cross it. He had to go back and get boats and other ways to go accross the lake. When he reached the

that king. The boy asked the man how would he go to this mans. The man went into a room and brought out a ball of yarn. He told the boy to throw it before him and walk after it. The boy threw it down and followed it. At last it spopped at a beautiful house the colour of which was yellow. The boy went up and knocked at the door. The gentleman came to the door and got into conversation with the young boy. At last the old man said that he had an uncle who was three hundred years old and if he was not able to tell him about the king no other one would be able to tell him. The prince set out for

Once upon a time there llived a man in Enniscrone and his name was O'Dowd. This day he was fishing and he saw a beautiful woman Combing her hair. He caught hold of her and took the veil she was wearing. She followed him home for the veil, and they married and they had three children. When he was going anywhere he hid the veil in a stack of oats. This day one of his sons saw him hide the veil. When his father was gone to the fair he said "Mammie. I saw Daddy hide a beauiful

gentleman. Her father was very wealthy altogether, and he was giving his daughter a fortune of £20,000.Well Irish Pat made a bet that he would dine with those two grand people; but of course they only laughed at him. Anyway Pat went up to the grand house; and knocked at the door, and the grand gentleman came to open the door for him. He at first at Pat what took him here to his grand house, and Pat said He heard he had, a lot of money, and

Long ago the people used to make their matches in in public houses. The marriage customs that were long ago were not like the marriages that are now. The neighbours used to make the matches and then the couple would get married and then they would go away to the brides home and have breakfast there. They then would go for a drive to some town and have dinner there. When they would come back they would go to the grooms home and have supper. Then there would be a dance and a great many straw boy's would come in. The captain of the straw boys would ask the bride to dance. They would have whiskey and porter

Long ago in the olden times the people were not as hard pleased in regard to food. The bread was of a very dark colour, it was like dirty flour that had been swept off the mill floor, it was mixed with water which did not help its look. The bread was made from the wheat which grew in this district, but it was not made into flour in this district. There were never such things as querns used of in this place, when the wheat was grown it was sent away to another country where it was converted into flour. People made different kinds of bread besides soda bread. Potato cake was made occasionaly, particularly on a Friday because of it being a fast day. In country places there is not a great variety of food

they used it instead of fish for there dinner. This is used up to the present day. Oatmeal bread was also used when there was a scarcity of flour, in them times there was not much machinery used it was grind stones was used so that the flour could not be got so quickly. When making a cake it was the general custom to cut a little cross on the top of the cake before baking in order that the crust would not come off. Sometimes the bread was baked standing before a fire against a support this stand was called a griddle. Sometimes in the more well to do houses it was baked in an oven. Oaten cake was made on certain occasions this was eaten with butter the only cake in them days that was eaten with butter. It produced hardier and stronger men than the men we

country that people ever knew the taste of flesh meat. It was an offence to kill rabbits and horses even in their own land. These ground animals naturally became so numerous that they distroyed crops including oats, cabbage plants and meadows. Any person who set a snare or any device for killing rabbits and hares or in whose land a snare was found was subject to immediate eviction. The landlord when he thought fit killed some of these rabbits and hares. He presented some of them to his friends and exported others to England and Scotland. Bryan

cups were used by the people. Silver cups called goblets were used by the kings and nobles. The chief plates were made of enamel.The food which the kings ate was meal made into porrdige and the chief meat was wild animals. Those animals were killed and roasted. There were many different kinds of food which the people used long ago.

Once upon a time a certain woman had a fine white sheet. She was very fond of this sheet and slept on it. Before she died she asked her to leave the sheet on her grave. They did so.
A woman living near the graveyard

There are not as many Travelling people as used to be. Some of the travelling people has caravans some has carts and donkeys and others travel on foot. The names of some of the travelling people are: - Mary the basket, Barney Doherty, Paddy Martin, John Starch, Harry Brogan and Sam Loghary. We do not keep any travelling people. Some of these people were and put themselves on the road by drinking whiskey. Some people give them money, bread, potatoes and eggs. Some of them sell the things that they gather in a shop.

make their bread of oats also of rye and potatoes grown locally. In olden times the people used to grind what ever flour they used on a large stone with a hollow in the middle which they called a grind stone. The people in olden times made fadge, oat cake, rye bread, boxty bread, and indian porridge bread. Fade is made in the following way. The potatoes are boiled and then they are peeled and crushed with a rolling pin on the baking board until they are smooth. Then you add a little salt and mix in flour until it becomes stiff. Then it is rolled out thin and cut into farls, and put on a hot pan and in about fifteen minutes they are ready for turning.

A number of years ago a well known man was on his way home from Letterkenny Fair. He grew tired with walking and searching a quiet resting place along the roadside between Letterkenny and Raphoe he sat down. He had not sat there long when suddenly a great light appeared before him and there to his astonishment was a great banquet of fairies. They were dancing enjoying themselves merrily. An old woman came and told this man to refuse any drink or anything that the fairies would offer him and then they could not capture him. This he did. He strongly refused to eat or drink off them but they kept forcing him. He kept his promise to the old woman

It takes the thief to catch the thief

A late thrive is better than never do well

It wishes were horses sure beggars would ride

The harder the frost the nearer the thaw

You'll never miss the water to the well goes dry

Bad weeds grow fast

Money talks

Never leave off till to-morrow what you can do to-day

When the cat's away the mice can play

Tradition says that long ago many people churned for several hours but no butter formed. Witches were than supposed to have taken the butter. These witches were often their immediate neighbours who through the assistance of the Devil took away the butter. It is said that the witch used to go to the house of the intended victim and ask for the loan of some butter which she would then take home and place inside the roof of her kitchen until it turned green. After that the witch was able to have all the neighbour's butter.

We had severe weather this winter, thunder, lightning, wind and rain. There was a great storm many years ago. A ship called The Robroy was wrecked on Lough Swilly and the men were drowned. It is over forty years ago since she was wrecked. When there is a storm coming there does be a blue blaze in the fire. There has been damage done to houses by storms. Boats have been destroyed and trees uprooted. There was a heavy storm in April about twenty years ago and it lasted almost three weeks. There was another

When a young calf is born it is put in a stall by itself and is fed on sweet milk which is taken from its mother until it is about three months. When it is born it should not get eating hay or straw because it would be liable to take the “Merl” after it. When it is about three month it is able to eat grass, and it is then known as a “stirk.” When younger some people call it “Suggy” and others call it “Pruggy” as pet names. Nearly every farm-animal has a pet name for instance the turkey is called the “Peepee.” This sound is made by the turkey

When a young calf is born it is put in a stall by itself and is fed on sweet milk which is taken from its mother until it is about three months. When it is born it should not get eating hay or straw because it would be liable to take the “Merl” after it. When it is about three month it is able to eat grass, and it is then known as a “stirk.” When younger some people call it “Suggy” and others call it “Pruggy” as pet names. Nearly every farm-animal has a pet name [sic] for instance the turkey is called the “Peepee.” This sound is made by the turkey

A few years ago there occurred a big fire in the Howth Demesne. One of the hay barns caught fire and the complete shed of hay was burned to ashes. The shed was full and one of the farm men was backing a lorry load of hay near to the rick, when the exhaust pipe sent the hay alight. The hay burned for two days and when it finally stoped

A fire broke out opposite the west pier about 50 years ago it was a coal stores which belonged to Mr Costello which was supposed to be set on fire by his brother, it was full of coal and the fire lasted a week. All the coal was burned and there was about £1000 worth of damage done, but no one was killed or injured.

Bhí bean ann uair amháin. Bhí sí an bhocht. Bhí lá Naomh Mairtin ag teacht agus ní raibh fhios aige céard a marbhóchadh sí le h-ónóir an Naomh. Bhí sgata cearc aice agus coileach breágh dubh. Rug sí ar an gcoiligle h-aghaidh a mharbhú. Níor mhaith leithe é a mharbhú agus leig si amach leis na cearca arís é. Nuair a d'eirigh sí ar maidin leig sí amach na cearcha. Ceard a bhí ann acht coileac bán in áit an choilig dhubh.

the vicinity. There are no towers in this district.I have never heard of a church being built in the course of night but a sort of a house was erected for a person named O’Donnell, by his neighbours in the course of a night. I never heard of the wall of a church in the course of erection being knocked down each night by a bull or other animal.

People in olden times had three meals a day. They were breakfast, dinner, and supper. The breakfast was eaten at about eleven o’clock and the dinner at about four o’clock and the supper at about ten o’clock at night. People worked before breakfast. Each meal consisted of oatmeal bread and rye bread and newmilk sometimes. Potatoes were nearly eaten at every meal. Milk was drunk. New milk was

There are two tailors in the district. They work at their homes.The tailor does not not stock clothes. Cloth is not spun and woven locally. The local people do not wear clothes made out of such cloth. There are tales or traditions connected with tailors and they are: “a tailor is only the tenth part of a man.” “Nine tailors wouldn’t make one tinker.” The tailor uses a scissors, a sewing machine, a tailors-goose, and many

or cabbage at the door of dwelling houses.On Christmas Night the doors are left open in honour of the Blessed Virgin and the child so that if they were passing they could come into the house for shelter.

Once upon a time there was a gentleman and he had a butler. The butler killed him and buried him in his own garden and the castle was haunted afterwards and no one could live in it. There were several people who undertook to live in it for one night and the murdered man’s son came over to the castle to see how did they get on that night but he always found them dead. After a long while another man undertook the place for one night. He was sitting at the fire just when the clock struck twelve and he Pooked out through the window and he saw a man’s head coming in and three man after it and they stated to kick football through the room with the man’s head. Two were kicking on one side and one on the other. The man at the fire jumps up and says “It isn’t fair for two kicking against one.” “You are a lucky man” says one of the men that spoke to us. If you

person from her door in her life. When a travelling person came to her door and asked lodgings she would say surely, and she would take a chair and leave it up beside the fire for him to sit down and warm himself. Then she would take the black tin and make a drop of tea for him. She would give him his fill of bread and tea. Then she would make a shake-down on the floor for him and he could lie as long as he liked in the morning. In the morning she would give him his tea in his bed. Then when he would be going away, he would say "God bless you and long may you live.

The people clip the sheep for to get wool. Then they wash it and dry it. Then the woman get’s cards and cards it. Then they make rolls of it. When the wool is spun the woman puts it on the reel and makes cuts of it. Then it is sent to the weaver and he makes cloth of it. When they want to thicken a blanket two men get a door and put the blanket on it. Then they put water and soap on it and they tramp it until it is thickened. You can get dye called

Spiry, Red shank, Chicken weed, Cold foot and Thistles grow in potatoe fields. Nettles buachalán buidhe and dockens grow on ditches. Bogbine grows in the bog. Sprett grows in the meadow Black heads grow on ditches, White heads grow in the bogs. Spiry grows on bad land. Spiry and chicken weed can be eat and given to young ducks pigs and cows. The ground is bad anywhere Red shank grows. Nettles and buachalán buidhe grow on very good land.

A poor widow one time was put to a lot of expense by the sickness of her child who finally died. When the rent was due she went to the agent to tell him she could not give him the full amount owing to sickness. He said she must pay every penny in spite of her child dying. She also said she had to buy clothes for her other children. He said “you must pay the full rent” & threw her back the money she offered. “Well,” said she “and what will I do with the children”. “Drown them,” said he. Then cursing him she left. A couple of days after the only child of the agent was drowned in sight of his father’s hall door. When the funeral was going to the church the woman ran out to the agent. “You,” she said, “You told me to drown my children but some else has drowned yours.”

In this parish there are four tailors they live in Donegal. The tailors to-day do not go about from house to house they did long ago. Some tailors buy their cloth in the factory and others pay men for woven it. When the tailors are working the things the use are a sewing machine, scissors, needle and thread, measuring tape, pencil, note book, chalk and smoothing iron and pressing-board.

Cure for a sting of a wasp rub blue on it. Cure for a cold boil garlic and milk and drink it before going to bed.
Put parriffin oil on a burn when you get it before the air gets at it.

Once there lived a man named Gallinagh in the house at present occupied by Charles Doherty in the townland of Mullins. He hired himself, along with another boy to a woman living in Dooran. This woman was supposed to be able to take the butter from her neighbours’ rows and to have the power to change a person into an animal. Every morning she would make the two servants rise very early and churn milk, which was in a very large churn. After that she would change them into horses, by means of some magical words and make them cart home turf from the bog all day. This continued for some months until, at last, Gallinagh thought of a plan. They listened carefully to the magical words until they knew them well. Then they changed the the woman into a horse and brought her to a blacksmith in Mountcharles to be shod and they beat her the whole way back to Dooran. On their arrival they changed her into her natural shape. They stayed on in her

Once upon a time there was a woman living in the Bruckless with her daughter. She was a witch. Every day she used to go to the fishermen and ask them for a fish for her dinner and every day they used to give her one. One day she went to them for a fish and they refused to give her one. They said we are giving out fish for many years free and we will give you no more. She said “if you dont give me any more fish you shall suffer severely for it. One night when they were out fishing the witch filled a tub with water and put a little wooden dish floating on it and she went outside and worked her magic wand. She told her daughter to stay in the house and watch the water. She came in once and said to the daughter did the water begin to

In the townland of Drimholm about two miles from Ballintra a discovery was made by two men who were preparing the land for spring cropping in the year 1936 They came upon two large flag stones which on being struck gave forth a hollow sound. The men began to raise the the stones and when one was raised it disclosed a grave in which a skeleton of a person lay. This person had flaxen hair which when touched crumpled away. The second stone having been lifted disclosed a skeleton similar to the first. The size of the bones made the men think that they were skeletons of men. This field is said to have been a battle field and the last battle fought there was by the Danes in 1014 when they were defeated. From this the men gathered that the skeletons were of two Danes who were killed in the fight and buried there.

After the Ressurrection Out Lord appeared to the Apostles twice, first, when ten of the Apostles were assembled in a house, for fear of the Jews, and again, eight days after this, to the eleven Apostles. A few days after this occasion seven of the latter were fishing on the sea of Galilee. They had fished all through the night but had caught nothing. At daybreak Our Lord appeared on the shore but the Apostles did not recognize Him. He comanded them to put out their net and they obeyed. Immediately the net became so full of fish that it almost broke. One seeing this St. John cried out “It is the Lord” and St. Peter at once jumped into the sea and swam ashore in the boat Our Lord had kindled a fire on the shore and, lifting a fish, which happened to be a haddock, between His thumb and forefinger He placed it in the fire. From that day to this the marks of Our Lord’s fingers are on every haddock.

entered and offered congratulations to the bride and groom. They enjoyed themselves at the feast to prefection, remaining about one hour. During the stay they danced, sang, and recited entertaining all the guests. Before leaving the Sergeant always danced with the bride. They were given to eat and drink of the best that was in the house.On leaving the groom always put a few silver coins into the Sergeant’s hand. This act prevented any harm been bone in on around the wedding house.

About a quarter of a mile below the Cross Roads popularly known as Thrush bank an old road or Bridle Path wended its way round the hill Drimmernagh to the town of Donegal. Traces of this old path are plainly visible and trees which formed its boundaries are still growing. The view from this old path is simply magnificent. Lough Castle and grounds to the North. Barnesmore Gap and the Main Rd. lie North East and then nesting in the valley the town of Donegal There is no such view to be found on the road now in use.

There are not as many cattle on our farm. We have just got six cows, four calves and a horse also a cat and dog. These of course have all got names such as follows: - Cows-Maggregan, Spotty, Black cow, Old cow, Yellow cow, and Blue Cow. Horse- Tammy. Cat and Dog- Polly and Rover.
The cows live in a house called a byre and are tied round the neck with a chain. The horses home is called a stable, he also is tied round the neck.

Everyone should take good care of their feet for it is with them we walk. Some people have sore feet and are not able to use them so we who have sound feet should be thankful.
Long ago there were not near so many shoes as there are now. I do not know anyone who never wore shoes. In summer the children in this district go bare-footed. Leather was never made in our district at least no one ever heard of it being

Here I lie on my bedside as Goodness lay on Mary’s knee. That the Lord may grant me grace to serve God as He served thee.
When I lie down at night,
I give my soul to God to keep,
Waken now or waken never,
I lay my soul to God forever
On Good Friday before noon,
The Jews they came with spears so sharp [sic]
And pierced Our Saviour through the heart,
His tender Mother standing by with heavy sighs she did cry.
Anyone that says this prayer lying down at night will never die in debt, or deadly sin, or into hell they will never enter.

Shops were not common in olden times. People had to go to the nearest town to make purchases. Buying and selling were carried on after Mass. It is still practised. Cattle were sold in this way. Money was not always given for goods. Goods were often bartered. Butter was given in exchange for some shop goods Labour was often given in exchange for goods. “Boot” and “change” is much the same as “luck penny” that is money returned by the buyer to the seller.

of them. After a hard battle which lasted for half an hour he was getting him nearer the shore. The boy was about to lift the landing net when he land-ed him on the shore. When the boy saw what was on the rod he droped all and off as fast as a deer. On Devenney making his escape he slipped and fell. When he got up this huge animal was standing on the shore. He had the appearance of a monkey but was four times as big. He had eyes about the size of glass marbles and had a coat of armour. It was the colour of copper and when he moved there was a terrible noise. He had a two peaked cap, very much like the police-men’s caps they used to wear long ago. He looked very lone-some and grinned sometimes at Devenney. They watched other for half an hour, and every

Among the endless “tales traditionary” that are woven around the old castle of Ballyshannon. The weather-beaten skeleton of the once magnificent palace of the O’Clery’s is a melancholy palace of the Tirconaill’s ancient renown for scholars and poets. For boldness and variety of wild scenery no bard could dream of more sublime and ideal nursery of poetic talent. Huge breakers hurl their incessant foam high above the battlements, the sheer precipice of Slieve Liagh bounds the horizon on the north-west; Ben Bullen on the south-west, and Croagh Patrick away in the distant front, are constant reminders of Conal and the great national apostle. That a Fomorian stronghold once stood on this overhanging cliff, the noted den of pirates and the terror of peaceful inhabitants is a long exploded myth, and never possessed any element of probability On the other hand it is indisputable that some inhabited building had been in existence here long before the advent of the illustrious O’Clery sept to the

In 1846 a great famine occurred owing chiefly to the failure of the potato crop. It effected this district very much and many people died of hunger. Government relief reached the district. In 1847 the first Indian meal came here. It was imported from Turkey to Great Britain and from there to here. Mr. Atkinson, the landlord, also helped the tenants on his estate and a large boiler was put up for making porridge beside the old linen mill in Cavangarden plantation; and porridge was given out free to the tenants. At that

thing that is not right,” said Peter in his own mind. He was afraid to speak of it to his Master but he was losing his confidence in him every day. The same evening they were approaching another village when a blind man met them, and he was asking for alms. Our Saviour talked with him and said, “What do you want?” The price of a night's lodging the price of something to eat, and as much as I shall want tomorrow: if you can give it to me, you shall get great recompence, and recompence that it is not to be found in this sorrowful world.” “Good as your talk” said the Lord,”but you are only seeking to decieve me, you are in no want of the price of a night's lodging or of anything to eat, you have gold and silver in you pocket, and you ought to give thanks to God for your having enough to do till the next day. The blind man did not know that it was our Saviour who was talking to him, and he said to him “It is not sermons but alms I am asking for, I am certain that if you did know that

said to him, “you were with Jesus,” “I don't know,” says Peter,” what you a saying,” When he was going out the gate, another girl said, “There is a man who was with Jesus,” but he took his oath that he had no knowledge at all of Him. Then some of the people who were listening said. “There is no doubt at all, but you were with him; we know it by your talk.” He took the great oaths, then, that he was not with Him. And on the spot the cock crew, and then he remembered the words that our Savior said, and he wept the tears of repentance, and he found forgiveness from Him whom he denied. He has the keys of heaven now, and if we shed the tears of repentance for our faults, as he shed them, we shall find forgiveness as he found it, and he will welcome us, with a hundred thousand welcomes when we go to the door of heaven.

He ran before them for nearly two hours until at last he was captured on a hill not far from his own home. He then told all about the great night he had with the fairies. Every where he went he heard singing and dancing and lovely music all the time. He was slightly torn with thorns and brambles but his clothes and shoes were perfectly dry. When he was taken home to his father he did not know him nor any one in the house but after a while he settled down and forgot all about his nights adventure.

after he had a cow who slipped down some banks into the river. The same week he had a calf who died the way. He did not know what to do. He told a friend of his about him cow and calf falling into the river and also about him taking the stones from the place. The friend told him to put back the stones for they might belong to the fairies. The man did so and nothing ever happened either himself or his cattle ever after. All the people said that the stones belonged to the fairies and that they were angry with him for taking them.

A child was going to be buried in Kilbarron Church, and two men were digging the grave. As they were digging they saw a black oak coffin. The coffin was like one that was made long ago with the track of a hatchet in it. It is likely that some king or saint or someone like that was buried there. The men got afraid and did not touch it, but the child is buried beside the coffin. One day a man from Sligo was passing by the Church and brought a stone home with him, and it was cut in the shape of a man's head. The next day the stone was back at the Chuch again.

One time a man named O’Donnell had some men working in the bog. There was an old hawthorn tree growing there and the men rooted it up and threw it aside. At dinner time the man sent his little son to a stream that was close by for a can of water. He met a little man and the man said “follow me”. The little lad followed him. When the boy did not return with the water the father set out to see why he delayed so long but he could not see his son anywhere around. He then became alarmed and all the men set out to search for the boy but it was of no use the boy had disappeared. At least one of the men remembered about the tree they had rooted and told the father that perhaps they had done wrong by interfering with a hawthorn tree. The father then put the tree back again to its old place and shortly afterwards they saw the little boy at the bank of the

The wren builds her nest in a black thorn bush, and the crow builds high up on a strong branch. The swallow builds her nest on a rafter, or in a hole in the wall. The magpie, and the jay builds their nests high up on a tree. The sea-gull builds her nest on a rock beside the sea, and the lark builds in long grass on the ground. The sparrow builds in the eaves of houses and the starling builds in a chimney. The blackbird builds in a low bush and the robin builds her nest in a bank where it can hardly be seen. The sally picker builds her nest in a sally bush, and the yellow-hammer builds in a ditch. The thrush builds in a high bush, and the gold-finch builds her nest in an old house. It is said that the cuckoo builds no nest but goes to another birds nest.

There was an old school in a barn of Farrell Gallagher's in Finisklin. It was a local teacher who taught in it. His name was John Morris. The children had to sit on big stones. They had no blackboards and they wrote with quills. The master got only a few shillings from the children or the people for teaching.

30
Local Crafts
Curraghs are still made at Oldbridge, Drogheda. They were formerly made by the late Michael O'Brien, of Oldbridge who was very skilled in the art, and at the present time they are made by Phillip McCormac of Sheephouse.
Hazel sticks are first cut and seasoned. They are then bent across each other and stuck in the ground. Thin rods are then woven through the other rods at the top of the curragh to keep the stronger rods in their places. The curragh is then covered with heavy stones and left in that way for a couple of weeks. Then it is covered with horse hide, pig's skin, or canvas. It is then ready for use. Curraghs are still used on the River Boyne, at Oldbridge.

Long ago in Ireland when there were many kings there lived a widow who has only one daughter. When the daughter was young she was very delicate so her mother never asked her to do any work. When she grew up she was not accustomed of doing any work so she would not do any then. Her mother was so angry with her one once occasion that she gave her a beating.At this time a prince happened to be passing the house and he heard the girl crying. He went to the house and asked why was she crying. The mother was ashamed so she said that she beat her because she was doing too much work. On hearing this the prince asked her to let her go to the palace and she would be very useful. At first the mother pretended that she could not live without her but at last he persuaded her to let her with him. Then he brought in the coach to the palace. When they arrived at the palace the prince brought the girl to the queen. When he told her the story the queen was surprised and said she would get married to her son if her work was satisfactory. When

Chaill mé mó bhealac acht bhí tú
le mo thabhairt annseo anocht.

ar fheirm Sheáin Uí Baoighill.

Ní dheánfadh sé acht amhráin fíor ghoirid.

83. Why is the crow the bravest bird in the world? Because he never shows a white feather.84. What is the difference between a clock and a firm? Ans. When one is wound up it goes and when the other is wound up it stops.85. What is the exact length of the year 1888?
Ans. One and three eights.86. As I went up the hills of wigin-wagam I saw a bell-fagam I called out my little dog stickim-stagam to hunt bell-fagam from tearing up the hills of wigim-wagam.
Ans. A sow resting.87. The hidicks the hodicks the double kinodicks the thing with the holes that

a treat.
They also have a hobby horse, now this horse is made of a wooden frame with a hole in the centre where a mans head can go through, the frame resting in his shoulders, covered with a white sheet.
In olden days the very old people never ate meat on St. Stephen's day as a penance for their sins, they think they will be sure to get to Heaven after that.
St. Bridget
St. Bridget is the patroness of Ireland. On the 1st Feb. the boys go around with the Biddy in the evenings from house to house with a sod of turf made up as a doll. There was a very old custom in Kerry long ago, of putting out a cloth during the night to act as a shawl to cover St. Bridget. They used to

orta siocair nach rabh airgead ar bith aige. Nuair a chuaidh siad ‘na bhaile, connaic siad an fear eile, agus cheap siad gur a spiorad a bhí ann.

Quality is better than quantity
Kindness is nobler than revenge.
If everything was done right nothing would be done wrong.
Ask no questions and you will be told no lies.
Many men have many minds.
A stitch in time saves nine.
A rolling stone gathers no moss
One touch of nature males the whole world akin
A shut mouth makes a wise head.
It's a long road that has no turn:
Time and tide waits for no man:
A bird in the hand is better than two in a bush.

The names of some herbs are dandelion, dockens, tormenting root, mint, fairy fingers, lady's mantle bluebells, buglos, slanless, fillérí, brookline, bog bean, the devil's bit, rose - noble, heart's ease, chickenweed, ribbon grass, cut finger, house lick, allow compain, white lily root, orange lily root, lady's timble, yarrow, cow foot, crow foot, gillgowns, red shanks, lambquarter, píann, watercress, nettles, sorrel, hemlock, grouchil, Adam and Eve, stinken rodger, mararogles, and comfrey.
Bluebells boiled with sheep's suit, dragon's blood, bee's wax, burgandy pitch, white resin, veinous turpentine, and yarrow is a good cure for the evil.
To boil dandelion and drink the juice of it, is good for the liver.
Tormenting root boiled is a good cure for diarrhoea.
Long ago the people used boil fairy fingers, and dye clothes with the juice of them.
In olden times the people used chew slanless, and put it on cuts to heal them.
People used cure red water in cows by boiling rosenoble and giving the juice of it to the cows to drink.
When food was scarce in olden times people

If a person put on his garments wrongly in the morning he was said to lose his luck if he changed them
Therefore if he put on his shirt inside out in the morning he was well advised to wear it so all the day.
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The old people often remarked on an unlucky day.:- "The Devil is tripping me up all day."
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A hen marching around with a straw fastened to her foot was a sure sign of a visitor coming to a house.
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Certain people were always regarded as lucky or unlucky to have any dealings with.
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People never liked to buy from a mean hard miller. It was always remarked that for unchained the animals they sold of a system of haggling never thrive with the buyer.
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About ten years ago a man who was caretaker of Glencorrib "big house" was going to a pig fair in Ballinrobe. He was carrying the pigs in a donkey-cart.
Now it so happened that he had another donkey and when he was coming out the avenue leading from the "big house" to the main road the donkey followed him.
When the man came to the road gate he shut it after him not knowing the donkey was following him.
When the donkey came to the gate he tried to go through it but all he could succeed in getting through was his head. When he got it out he could not bring it back so he kept shaking the gate.
Now this spot had the name of being haunted. After

Headache: Pound "Toirpin" )a thick small evergreen leaves of a plant which grows on walls and ditches) into pulp and bandage it on to forehead (Mrs. Hines, Cullen formerly of Portuna, Galway) gave me this and also the following:-)Warts - Rub on a snail and stick snail on whitethorn bush. Wart withers away according as snail dies.Chincough - obtain a piece of red tape either from Godfather or Godmother and tie it tightly around child's neck.
Sty - Point 12 thorns of a gooseberry bush. Tie up the thorns in a cloth and put them into a hole in the wall. Sty will disappear according as the thorns wither.Sore lip - Rub fasting spit on it.

Bhí fear ann fadó agus ba é "Philip" an t-ainim dó. Ní fhág sé a theach féin go raibh sé sgór bliain. An lá seo thug a mháthair go dtí an mbaile mór é agus ba é lá an mhargaidh é ins an mbaile mór sin.
Chonnaic "Philip" tornapaí i gcairt agus shíl sé gur mbheacha capaill a bhí tonnta. Thug sé ceann de na tornapaí leis i gharfhios d'en fhear. Nuair a bhí sé ag dul abhaile bhí air claidhe a chasadh agus chaith sé an tornap isteach thar an claidhe. Bhí coinín taobh istigh den chlaidhe agus nuair a chúala sé torann an tornap ag tuitim d'úisigh sé agus rith sé.
Nuair a chonnaic "Philip" an coinín shíl sé gur searrach óg é

7. The old house ruin mentioned in 'Round One' has a legend attached to it as follows; a house stood here in ancient days. One Sabbath day St. Senan was ordered by his father (Ercan) to remain away from Divine Service (Senan was a boy then) to min the cows out of a garden of wheat. Seeing Senan returning from Divine Service his father asked him why he disobeyed him and Senan answered that the crows could not damage the wheat garden as he had them all imprisoned in the old house. St. Senan's father went to the garden and was astonished to find no crow therein and returned to the old house just as the Saint was opening the door to release the imprisoned crows. The father suggested that he (Senan) should shut the door and kill all his enemies (the crows) but St. Senan would not allow him to do so saying "as they did you no harm they must be let off".8. Tradition also tells us that Saint Senan banished all worms, rats and other destructive pests usually inhabiting Curchyard from this hallowed spot with the result that all those who open graves or vaults to bury their dead state that they never saw a worm or other vermin in the sacred soil of this Churchyard.

that no one could interfere with them. When the Orange Party under Lord Ross more he was told not to come in on the green. He said he would go where he liked. The leader told him he would leave his head in his hand if he went off the road. He had to go out by the church where they went by it they fired a volley of shots and the Leaguers in reply fired another. They were all surprised at them having so much arms. The landlords never gave much trouble in this part after that.

north from the town of Buncrana. There is a stone circle in Gortyarrigan. It is in the town land of Gortyarrigan. This stone circle is in a field. It is about 4 miles from Buncrana to the north.
There is a cross in Gortyarrigan hill. This cross was supposed to be put there because there was a man buried beside that stone. This cross is made of stones. It is about four feet high. There is nothing cut on this cross.
There is a standing stone in [?] hill near Keelogs Buncrana. This stone was threw here by a giant from fanad.
There is a standing rock in Meenagorey quary. This rock is a big rock and there is a hollow in the middle of it. It is about four or five feet high.

Barr and it is sued for crops and it is situated in Gransha.
The Parks. A number of fields in Gransha.
[?] Bih. This is a district in Trillick.
Long Moor. This is a district in Trillick also.
The Barley Hill. A field where barley was sown and it is ever since known as the barly Hill, it is situated in Gransha owned by Hugh Doherty.
The Well Park. This is a field in Gransha
owned by Duffy's
The Black Moss. This is another field in Gransha owned by William Brook's. This is a field with a lot of Black Sally bushes growing in it.

The present site of Kednaminsha National School was in olden times used as a hedge school. A small school was afterwards erected by the Plunkett
Kennys , Gentleman Farmers of Rocksavage Estate, for the education of the tenants' children.The teacher of this school was the man considered most learned in the district and was paid a salary from the Plunkett Kenny Estate. In the course of time great numbers flocked from all parts to attend it and it became a great centre of learning. Eventually it came under the Education Authorities who extended the building and hence the name " Kednaminsha Rocksavage " has been retained on the school.

So the farmer gave him the cake and he set off for home. As he was coming home there was a near way. It was about one mile nearer for his house. As he was passing the road there was a lot of men standing there. They asked the man would he come their way with them. He was just going when he thought of the first advice and said he would not. So he went the straight road. As he was going he heard the screams and he knew then it was the robbers. They robbed the other man that went with them. Then he landed when it was night and all the people were in bed. And there used to be a spade at the doors of the houses. So he shoved in the spade and came in to his own house and left the parcel on the table. Then he lit the fire and sat down. When the fire lit up it shone bright. He saw a man sleeping in the bed with his wife. Then he got up and took the spade to kill the man in the bed and he thought of the second advice so he took his pipe and smoked it. When the man in the bed wakened and looked out and saw the man sitting at the fire. He said "Mammy look at my father". Then the wife got up and he told her to get something to eat for him. She said there was no bread in the house. The man said to his wife that he had bread with him. So the wife got tea and she opened the parcel and cut the cake. When she was cutting the cake she found the seven years wages in the cake and they were very glad. A long time after he had no money or food so he set off for to look for work again. So he was going on the road at night and he came to a

To a little block in the manger. If the master is kind to the horse he will repay him with work. The horse likes nice clean water to drink, good fodder to eat, meal and oats to eat also and a nice clean stable to lie in. In the spring time horses are usually clipped so that they will be cooler to do their work.
If horses are kept in a stable for a long time it injures their eyesight so that they frighten at everything they see when they go out.
The call for the hens is tuk! tuk! they are very useful little animals. Hen eggs have to be set for three weeks before they hatch. Waterfowls eggs eg. geese and ducks also turkeys have to be set for four weeks before hatching. The eggs are usually set in the early spring so that the young birds get the warm summer weather for a start.
Geese are called by shoe-leg-leg.
Ducks are called by wheet, wheet.
Turkeys are called by hea, hea, hea.
Dogs are given names by which they are called
Cats are called pussy, pussy!

A story told by my grandfather about the fairies is that there was a valley at the foot of Breecy Hill said to be inhabited by fairies. One Hallo’een night whatever happened a regiment of fairies each carrying a light and a gun on their shoulders marching in four deep came down Cumalaney Mountain and past a house. A woman outside the house could see even the flints of the guns. They then crossed over fields and hills to Bradley road, afterwards going eastwards on the road, and when they met a man they told him not to be afraid. After that night the fairies were never seen in this district.

Irelands only Porcelain factory had an almost accidental origin
Belleek or Beul – leice, is the Ford Mouth of the Flagstone “ The place was so called” says O’Donovan, “from the flat surfaced rock in the ford, which, when the water decreases in the summer, is as level as a marble floor.” The Four Masters conclude their chronicle of a defeat sustained by O’Rourke at the hands O’Donnell in 1200 by the statement that “the place where that battle was fought was O’ Muldory’s Flagstone” which O’Donovan identifies with Belleek.

These were used for dwelling in and partly for hiding treasure. One good example is a Bully Bawn It is believed that this cave may have been at one time connected with a subterranean chamber discovered in Mullaghnashee. Sometimes these underground dwellings occur in connection withearthen forts or raths.
At Glasbolie ( near Mrs Hugh Moore’s) is a fort of great antiquity. It was here that King Domhnall had his residence in the seventh century. His death is noted in the Four Masters: -AD 639

potatoes. She grates the potatoes and then takes the starch out of them. She boils the starchy part of the potatoes for about five minutes. Then it is ready to starch the clothes.Starch made out of cornflour. The cornflour is mixed with cold water to blend it. It is stirred then and boiling water is poured on it until it thickens. Cold water is added to it then to thin it down for the clothes.

There was a beggar man named Jack Kain. The people did not know his name and they called him Coppers. When he would ask for lodging he would have his supper with him.

Long ago there was a wedding and the people that were at the wedding were dancing. So suddenly a blast of wind came in the door and took the bride away with it. Nobody ever saw her again. So long after that when her people and all her friends were dead a little woman was seen and when hundreds of people were dead this old woman was about the whole time. So people said it was the bride that was taken at her wedding. This wee old woman used to go to every house but she would not ask anyone for anything unless they give her something. Nobody knew where she slept for she never asked for lodgings so the people judged she stayed with the fairies. There was a dance one night where the wedding was and this old woman came and cursed the place and she said if there was another dance there that something bad would happen so there was never another dance in that place after.

The minister then spoke and said, “It will take twenty pounds to bury you.” That leaves only twenty pounds and you might as well give it to me.
“All right” said the old man you may have it, and lying back on his pillow he said. “Thanks be to God I am willing to die like Our Lord between two thieves.”

About two miles outside the village of Blacklion on the Sligo road there is a field in which there is a magic sod. One very dark night a man went to visit his neighbour and stayed several hours. It was after midnight when he was coming home and on his way he had to cross the field on which the sod is. On going to the door one of the man’s own family saw a light moving up and down the field. He went inside again and closed the door thinking that the light was his brother looking at the cattle on his way home. After a while the household got worried because the man had not come home. At last they all went out in search of him and on going to this particular field they found the man walking up and down unable to to get out. He had tramped on the stray sod and all people who tramp on it after dark will not find his way out of that field till morning. Ever since people dread having to cross this field at night.

In the old barracks now where Mr. Cassidy has his public house there was a green lady. This Green Lady was supposed to be a soldiers wife. She always wore green and everyone said that colour was unlucky to wear. Years ago she lived there with her husband and other soldiers. One “Hallow Een” she had everything green on her. The soldiers were drunk and fighting amongst each other. The green Lady was at the top of the stairs and suddenly a soldier pushed her and she fell to the bottom of the stairs with a shriek and broke her neck. Since that every Hallow Een night the same thing happens as if it were the first night in the Barracks.

when he would start the race to throw down one of the apples and the lady would swoop down and pick it up. And when he would be in the middle of to drop another and she would swoop down for it, and to drop another when he would be near the winning post and that she would swoop down for it also and he would win the race and she would have to marry him. So he got the apples and when he was a bit in the race he threw down the apple and she would swoop down for it and when he was in the middle he threw down another and stooped down and picked it up, and when he was near the end he threw down another and she picked it up. And he won the race and she had to marry him.

John. When I see the five it reminds me of the five wise virgins that trimmed their lamps. There were ten but five were wise and five were foolish and were shut out. When I see the six it reminds me of that in six days the Lord made Heaven and earth, When I see the seven it reminds me that the seventh day He rested from the great work he had created and hallowed it. When I see the eight it reminds me off the eight righteous persons that were saved when God destroyed the World: Noah and his wife with three sons and their wifes. When I see the nine it reminds me of the nine lepers that were cleansed by our Saviour. There were nine out of ten who never returned thanks. When I see the ten it reminds me of the Ten Commandments which

cake which is about half an inch thick into "farals" which means quarters. Leave it to bake for three quarters of an hour.The liquid which is left after the grated potatoes is used for startch.

The local landlord long ago was Mr Atkinson. The Atkinson’s were planters, who came over from England about the year 1607 or 1608 to Ireland. They were very bad landlords and they were hated as much in their day as their memory has been hated ever after. If the landlord came in a tenant’s house house and saw a flower pot in the window or even smelled meat he would think that that was too much of a luxury for them to have so he would increase the rent and when the rent was very high the poor tenant could not afford to pay it so the landlord would send round his bailiff and other men to evict the tenant. Those who come round were

There was a man going to Foxford one night. When he was between Foxford and Knockmore he heard a lonesome cry. He stopped and listened carefully and the crying came nearer to him. He started on his journey again. When he had gone a few yards he saw a big light coming down the mountain side. When it came near him he saw it was a funeral cross the road. It went in over a well beside Lough Conn. The well is about a mile from the south of Knockmore

man who boared it was afraid to blast it as some peculiar dread came over him and so the treasure remained undiscovered.
This year 1938 the owner of the land another Mr. Quigley determined to search for the treasure. He blasted the stone and for some reason he did not go near it since he blasted it. If the treasure is there it still remains.

Long years ago their lived a family in Dereen called the Mc Donnells. It happened one lovely day that their only son lay in bed very ill. He was very fond of visiting his friends in Brackwansha and when they heard this they laughed and laughed. Their boy was very happy in Brackwansha and at this time when their friend went to their house, the corpse was laid out on the bed and all the family were not able to stop crying. There friend tried to comfort them by telling them that their son was alive and well. But they did not heed him. So he told them to put down a good fire and he would give them their son. So they did as he ordered and

Long years ago there was a king in Ireland who thought himself greater than anybody in the would. He said he was fit to fight any man in Ireland, so a Scotch giant heard this and he said he would come over and kill him in one battle.
They fought for many months and at last the Scotch man was driven out into the Irish sea. The other giant stooped in a great rage and taking a big piece of earth he flung it out after the Scotch giant and it was afterwards called the “Isle of man”. Where the man lifted

said the mayor, “What have you brought the soldier here for?” “For playing cards in the church”. “Well, soldier what have you to say for yourself?” “Much sir, I hope.” “Very good. If not, I will punish you more than man ever punished.” “I have been”, said the soldier, “about six weeks on the march. I have neither Bible nor common prayer book I have nothing but a pack of cards, and i’ll satisfy your worship of the purity of my intentions.” And spreading the cards before the mayor he began with the ace: “When I see the ace it reminds me there is one God. When I see the deuce it reminds me of the Father and Son. When I see the tray it reminds me of the Father, Son and Holy Ghost. When I see the four it reminds me of the four Evangelists that preached: Matthew, Mark, Luke and

There was a magic boar in this place one time. No one was able to kill him. A chieftian came to this place. He had two hounds Conn and Cullin was their names. He heard about the boar so he said he would kill him. He went out to search for the boar and he saw him. He let Conn after the boar. The boar went up and down the back and forward. Every place the boar left his foot a little hole of water sprang up. After a while the holes came together and formed a big lake. In this lake Conn was drowned and that is how it got

Mr Jack.
So I will give down the laws my boys and that I will let you see.
That I was ruler in the states for many a long year. Micheal is a swankey chap
And a council ganger too. He lives up near Tobar where they make the mountain dew.
In comes Patrick Reilley says he I am nearly done. Mc Nultey’s club is finished and I must give in my gun. Enroll me in your rank and file.
A member I dont care
If I get my father’s holding thats over in Ringear.
Up jumps little Barrett

It is a custom for all the boys of the villages to go from house to house with a wren. They make a box out of thin and they bore holes in it. Then they put moss in it. They put a wren in it then. They say this rhyme at every house “the wren the wren the king of all birds St Stephen’s day she was caught in the furze Up with the kettle and down with the pan give me some money to bury the wren. Although she is small her family is great. Rise up land lady and give u a treat and If your treat be of the best I hope its in heaven your soul will rest. If your treat be of the small it would not agree with the wren boys at all

The local roads are known as Martinstown, Ballyhealy, Delvin, South Hill, Crowenstown, Rickview, Killucan and Addinstown.Rockview road leads from Delvin

through Rockview, and into Killucan. Addinstown road leads from Delvin through Crowenstown and Addinstown and into Athboy.They were made hundreds of years ago and they are still used. There are no local accounts as to when they were made. Roads were not made as relief during the Famine period. There are no old paths or by-ways in the school district. Before bridges were made the rivers were crossed by means of stepping stones at shallow places, and by planks flung across from one bank to the other where the river was deep.The customs connected with crossroads are a gathering together of boys to play "Pitch and Toss" on Sunday evenings There are no heaps of stones or monuments to the dead along any of the roads. There is a mass path across Mooretown bog.

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The local roads in my district are the monument road, the Green road, and Moore's road. The Monument road is so called because there is a monument on it. This road leads from the Clonmellon to the Athboy road. The Green road is so called because there is a fair green beside it. This road leads from Delvin to Collinstown. It is not known when these roads were made. There are a few old roads in the district, but they are all still in use. There is a Mass path through South Hill, and people cross it going to mass.

There are some roads in the district over two hundred years old, and they are still used. It is said that Stonestown road was made as relied work during the Famine period, and the people who worked at it got two pence a day and some food, or four pence a day without food. There are Mass paths in the district. There is one from Loughlinstown over through the fields to our house, and from that down through Raroon bog into Delvin, but it is not used now.

some very old roads in the district, and they are all still in use. It is said that Stonestown road was made as relief work during the Famine period.

Clay pipes were given to all men, women and boys or lads were pelting those smoking with ciagáin or small bits of turf. Women used also smoke first and then cry and hitting coffin while crying. The person goes round with a small plate of snuff. Each one takes a pinch and snuffs it. When they sneeze as a rule they say "Ceannach Dé le hanam do"Funerals: As a corpse was leaving the house, certain men would be ready to turn all tables in the house. e.g. if a husband were dead the widow would get the boys to turn the tables so that all the ill-luck would go to his people or vice versa.Four men of same name - usually surname of dead person take coffin out of house and out of church.When people meet a funeral they usually turn back and walk in it a few paced.

An bóthar.Chuaidh mé suas an bóitrin
Agus thainic mé anuas an bhoitrin
Agus thug mé an boitrin ar mo druim
Dréimre.Bairrile ar an sráid agus a dá ceann dúnta.
UbhCad tá an ó thú an t-saogail agus níl sé ráite daois
GeallachMolt mór, dubh, teann
Istigh idir dhá ghleann
Nuair a bhogann an malt mór, dúbh, teann bogann an dá gleann
Asal agus párdóga air

Múiltín iarann is driobaillín olna
Snáthaid is Snáith.Cailleach sa clúid
Bior 'na shuil
Agus í ag útamail
Tuirne.An rud is mó a bhfuil suile air agus nach bhfeiceann
Fata.
Cad é an rud a dheanas siubhal ar a cloigeann
Tairnghe beaga bhróga.Tratnóna amháin, chuaidh mé amach an ngáirdin
Is annsin a fuair me mo cáirdín.
Niorbh [?] é na feól fuil na cnamh agus cad é.
Ubh
Cad a teighean's timcheall an dhomhain agus caiteann sé bróga

De’n adhmadh dob’ áile dár fhásann(?) sa cheanntar
Do chimil a phlána agus do sháidh na cheann é.
Agus cé chídhfeadh anáirde go ró bhreádh é dheamhraidh(?)
Níl prionsa ná íarla ná tighearna sa domhain
Ná thiochfaidh I mbliadhna sa líonbhric san thall
Beidh síol brich agus biatach(?) á bhféachaint sa gleann
Cuirfimíd Parliment láithreach ‘na suidhe ann
Beidh O’Conaill ar stáit is gárda na thimcheall.----------------------------------------------------------
I.
A Dhonnchadha is léan liom a scéal sin le h-innsint.
Gur iompuighis-se ód bhréighthe(ang) agus le sliocht Béarla gur luighis-se.
Thugais Biabla le n-éithigh is tré’n mhaslaí a guidhim-se.
Ná raibh aon bhrígh ag an Mnaoi Mhánla agus gurbh í máthair Chríost í.
II.
Cuimhnigh agus machtnaigh ar bheathadh na Naoimh
Is na fuilig aon contabhairt ach dlighthe ‘gus claon.
Is ar bh’fhuaiscilt na Maidne gur in Ifrinn scólta.

Straw boys are people that does be at weddings. They come into the weddinghouses at twelve o clock at night when supper is over. Some of them does be dressed in straw and more of them dresses in shirts. Straw boys are known by different names in different places. They are called “puckerers” and “folpers”. They get plenty of drink at the weddings. They start dancing then and all the wedding party has to go aside until they get through. One of the straw boys dresses up like an old woman and there does be a captain with them. It is a custom for the old woman and the Captain to dance with the married people. They burn their hats when they are going home.

Some years ago there lived an old woman in bastle Street and she paid particular decotion to Our Lady as she was a very religious woman. One day she was telling some boys how she knew her prayers were always heard, when someone brought her flowers. But this time she had no flowers and as the Novena was almost at an end she was afraid her prayers were not heard. So the boys decided to play a trick on her. It happened that one of her friends had a great love of flowers and at this particular time had a lot of them in her garden. The boys then stole some flowers from the garden and put them in the window of the woman. When the woman woman wakened up in the morning she was astonished to find the flowers in the window and thought that a miracle had been performed.

There are two graveyards in the townland of Mullinacross, but one of them is closed. There is another old graveyard in Racoo, which it on the top of a hill, but it has not been used for the last century. There is another graveyard, which is in use at Ballintra Roman Cathoic church. It regards to the graveyard at Mullinacross known as Drumholm graveyard. There is a field at it, which was owned by my grandfather. At one time, he started to plough that field. It is said he had to keep a boy knocking the bones of the cutter of the plough with a bit of stick, but when he saw it had been a graveyard, he stopped working it. Long ago, there used to come men to the graveyard who lifted newly buried bodies. They were

I got this story from my Aunt Mrs Mary Kelly she lives in Terryduff in the parish of Addergoole.
There was a hedge school in lahardane long ago, but my aunt said she does not know where it was. John McHale the Archbishop of Tuam got his first education in that school.

lays the golden egg.”
“I'll say the black one” said the landlord. Then each goose laid an egg but it was the black one that laid the golden egg “I'm right” exclaimed the landlord. “Now, are you giving me anything” asked the woman of the landlord, for he had changed into a man again when he had guessed the right goose
“You can take the black goose” said the landlord. So the woman got the goose, and she went her way and the landlord his.

heap of ruins and ashes. The Landlord however did not leave them without shelter, for he allowed them a grant to rebuilt their home.

The tinkers come to our houses about twice a month. The Wards, The McDonaghs and The Maughans. The live in tents. They sell cans, lace and pictures. They make the cans out of tin. They buy asses and goats. They are always cadging and no matter how much they get they are never satisfied. Sometimes men fix pots and buckets for a few coppers. They are a very rough class of people. Little boys and girls are afraid of them.

There are two old graveyards in this district, but one of them is not used. It has not been in use for many years. It is situated in Racoo, overlooking the village of Ballintra. There is no writing or figures on the tombstones. The graveyard, which is still in use is situated in the townland of Mullinacross. It is around an old monastery, which was founded by St. Adamnan when St. Patrick was in Ireland. The west gable is still standing, but it is covered with ivy. The oldest tombstone is dates 1681 and is about five feet by one foot ten inches. It is situated on the eastern side of the monastery. On a tomb dated 1754, there is the figure of a vase and lilies growing in and round it. On another, dated 1755, there is another figure of a lion rampart and a shield.

About forty or fifty years ago people did all their churning themselves when there was no such thing as creameries. At nearly every farmhouse there was a dairy or milk house where they kept all their butter and milk. At one time the people churned by hand with a churn dash then they began to churn with horse churning. Machines wrought on the same principal as a horse-thrashing mill. The farmers kept their butter in what they called “butts” which were made of oak and hoops of split rods made by the cooppers who lived in the locality. The butts were made of different sizes, some of them holding fifty-six pounds. There was an old superstition that some people had the power of taking their neighbour’s butter by witch-craft for example

a person would churn for hours at their milk and get no butter. Their neighbour would churn and they would have twice as much as they should have. The person who lost the butter would apply some of the remedies used, one of which was to go to the accused person’s field and collect six white stones from off their land and bring them home, put them in their empty churn, and pour boiling water over the stones, repeating, “In the name of the Father, Son, and Holy Ghost.” They then churned as usual and their butter was restored. The one who could take butter from their neighbours are called “Cuff the Butter.” Churns are about four feet high.

mayflowers on their door steps to keep the fairies away. One man had a cow and it was a rambling cow. He put a chain round her horns and leg and the fairies took it off and kept it. Soon the man went to look for it and he saw it at a fairy fort near Drumholm graveyard. When he asked for it, it was flung it round his legs.

Long ago, people would not cut down “sciog” bushes or take branches off them because they believed it would bring bad luck to themselves or some of their animals. The sciog bushes are mostly growing around or beside the forts. There is a large fort on Lurgan Bairn. There are sciog bushes beside it around which the fairies danced and played music. There is another fort beside Rath mill. It is circular in shape and large mounds of earth around it. There is a fairy fort on each of the following townlands, Mullinacross, Tullywee, Tullygallon, Trummon, Mullinacole, and Roscilly. There is also a fort in Murvagh beside our byre. It is circular in shape and there is a large sciog bush beside it, round which the fairies dances. The

There is a story told of a giant that was buried on a hill called the Brosh in the townland of Mullinacross. This hill is near Drumholm graveyard. I never could hear where this giant lived or how it came to be that he was buried there. When the giant was being buried, there was supposed to be many things that the used for fighting put into the grave with him. Some years ago, people heard of this grave and of the things that were buried in it with the giant. Some weeks after, five men came to dig up the grave to see what they could get. They dug for two days and didn’t find anything. On the third day, got bones. They kept on digging and the next day they got a stone hatchet and a box with some

There are many different names given to fields and hills in my district. These are some of them. the Rushy field this is a field beside our farm it was given this name because rushes grow in it. Ned’s field this was given its name because a man called Ned owned it long ago. The horses’ field it was called this name because horses was kept in it. The Forth Hill this was called this name because long ago a great fight was on this hill and a big stone was placed on the top of it.

There are many different names given to fields and hills in my district. These are some of them. The Rushy field this is a field beside our farm it was given this name because rushes grow in it. Ned’s field this was given its name because a man called Ned owned it long ago. The horse’s field it was called this name because horses was kept in it. The Fourth Hill this was called its name because long ago a great light was on this hill and a big stone was placed on the top of this hill.

An animal should never be struck with a broom.It brings misfortune.Black rabbits should not be killed or chased. They are fairies and it may be a human being that exists in that form.When hens are dying of the "galar" if one is buried in a neighbour's field the disease attacks his fowl and leaves yours safe and sound.Eggs, fowl, or a pet bonham should never be given away without getting some coin usually a penny. Otherwise the luck leaves the house

1. In years gone by people on meeting the priest on the road or street would genuflect out of respect for the Blessed Sacrament.2. Cocks crowing around the house are supposed to foretell the death of a retailer. For every crow of the cock the older people used to say, "Go gcoisricigh Dia sinn, a coilicín"3. A woman crossing the path of a ploughman brought him ill luck and on no account was she to walk in front of the horses.

Garsún eile go raibh an scéal ag dul dian air mar a shocruig sé an sceal.
A- Béal mór S- Péistín
B-Práta T- Maide Croise
C- Crúb an chapaill U-
D-Sál bróige V Soc an chéachta
E - Súil W-Lapa Gé
F- Fosgad X- Croisín
G. Spéacla Y - Gabhlóg H- Cathaoir Z- Bríste Leathair
I- Colpa súiste
J - An Camán
K - An Eochair
L - Speal
M-
N-
O- Fáinne
P - Casúr
Q - Eirball
R - Buatais

been famous in the past for the properties of its waters which were used as a cure for cattle.
Many of its fields are named in Irish. List given on page 67 of this book. Two well known rocks Carraig Aoibhinn Carraig na bPileár. From the latter it is said the shots were fired which knocked down the Castle of Ahamilla. The following song was written in praise of Caiseal UisceCasheliskey Hills
Cashelliskey Hills are wild and drear
And oh its glens are lonely
Its rugged sides for many a year
Echoes the night winds only
For distant chime the sweet Sabbath bells

And the bright silver stream glided
oe'r
And the bright lamps of heaven were shining
On the Chapel of charming Rossmore

Seventh son continued
but as soon as any irritation appears, the individual although he knows the cause of the trouble immediately styles it the "running worm" and goes to a family in the neighbourhood where a seventh son is to be found. The little boy known to the writer who cures such trouble in this locality is named Ferrelly near Clonmellon Co. Westmeath I know a person who went to this little boy, he told me the boy only left his hand on the sore, he did not know did the boy say any prayer. The days of visitation were, Sunday, Sunday Thursday and Saturday. This patient treated the boils at home with a plaster made of common soap and sugar.

Some years ago a man was herding sheep at a river called Anna rock. The man fell asleep and he did not know how long he was asleep. A little Lepreacain wakened him and the size of the Lepreacain was about two feet high and he had a long beard was very old looking. He did not seem to belong to this earth.

Lord Farnham died the tennants erected a statue to his memory in the Farnham gardens. It's there still.

One year he sent it to a man called Paidin Farrelly who lived beside him in Emagh. While the bacon was smoking Paidin used to reddeen a knitting needle and stick it up the back of bacon and hold his potatoe under it to get the grease and on this he lived while he was smoking Scott's bacon. When Scott got the bacon home he had very little more the skin in a couple of the backs.

Tomb-stories
In Love's field [] there are some tombstones but there are no designs on them as they are blotted out all we could see on some of them was y. As this field was often ploughed by loves it is impossible to make out the graves. In another corner of the field there is an altar stone where a priest used to say mass long ago in the penal days. The place where the book was left is visible also. A deep hole in the stone where holy water is and also a thing like a square cut out in the top of the stone.

Buying and selling.
Country shops (called hucksters shops) were even more common than they are now. There were also houses called sheebins in which drink was sold. Every townland had one of those sheebins. Those sheebins were a great []nation as they made people very fond of drink who would not otherwise be drunkards. It was a common practice to give labour in exchange for goods. Labouring mans paid for his house and potatoes in this way. A day in the week for house. "Boot" was a word in frequent use especially in the sale of horses. Horses were exchanged and so much boot given to whoever had the better one. Tick" and Carga" were words used when goods were got in a shop and not paid for. Cant was used in connections with carting goods on a street or fair or market days. Carting differed from Auctioning. To cant goods meant to start a price and come down. To auction goods was the very opposite, start below and go up and strike down to the first bidder.
"Phil the Hand" was a noted ragman long

Two tons shouted the parrot. The coal man thinking was a genuine order came to deliver the 2 tons. The man protested it wasn't ordered, the coal man pretended it was. Finally they discovered it was the parrots doing, so the coal was kept.
To punish the parrot they pulled the feathers from the top of its head and left it bare. This day a minister called and was taken into the room in which the parrot was. The parrot on seeing the minister's bald head shouted out. You must have sold 40 tons today.

There are forges in this parish. Begadon's of Aughmacart, Begadon's of Cannonswood, Delaneys of Oldtown and Fitzpatrick's of Graig-a Bhoyce. The smiths are John King, Martin Begadon, Ian Delaney and Patrick Fitzpatrick. Their immediate ancestors were smiths.
The forges are situated by the roadside in each case. Horses and ases are shod in each forge. Each one has one fireplace.
The shoeing of horses and the binding of wheels is done in the open. The smiths tools are the anvil, the bellows, the hammer and the sledge. The bellow is an instrument used by the smith for blowing the fire. It is made in the form of a triangle with a pipe on it's end.
The door of the forge is generally the shape of a horseshoe. Smiths are looked upon as being very strong men.

them in a long box to drip. Then he would start the pair of creels. And he wold have them made in one hour. Then when he would have them made he would put a board along the side of the creel and write your name on it. Then he would charge five shillings for making the creels.

this milk Pot many of them travel together some of them tell stories and it is very pleasant to listen to them. They sometimes ask lodgings but they never stay around our place.

He said true lovers should never be parted.
Since love could force in an iron door.
II
Soon they joined to be parted never
To well in riches this couple can
This fair lady has joys & pleasures
While shes content with her servant-man

September was thought to be the unlucky month for marriage and if there were any children in the family they were supposed to spots. This is hour the matches were made. The parents met at the fair and talked it over. Then the parents of the girl went to the man's house to judge his land and count how many cattle he had. The girl got a fortune according to what stock or land the man had. The two parties used not see each other sometimes until they were getting married.
The straw boys used to go to the weeding feast and dance, the first thing they did on entering the house was to ask for the Bride and take her out to dance, three straw boys wore straw leggins and straw hats, clothes turned and masked on their faces.There are certain days of the week considered unlucky for marriage

Candles
People used to make candles from rushes dipped in grease. They had special things for holding them when in use like a nippers.
Baskets
Baskets were made in this district from rushes plaited together.
Kiln
There was a special kiln near Ballinagort where lime was burned and it still works.
Sack-making
There was once a sack-making industry in the Count House and many of the town's people attended it. There are no traces of this industry now.
Spinning and Weaving
There was a woman named Mrs Phelan who did spinning and weaving. She always made linen for her own use.

A fifth rhyme is: -
" I know a ... [slur] Boy and his double jointed.
I gave him a kiss and he got disappointed.
I gave him another, to match the other.
Ha, ha, (and here the name of a girl is mentioned)
I'll tell your mother.
Kissing a ... [slur] Boy down by the river"
How many did you give him? (one, two, three, etc, until the skipper stops.)
There is still more fun when we try to find out the profession of the man we will marry by saying the following rhymes:-
"Tinker, Tailor, Soldier, Sailor, Richman, Poorman, Beggarman, Blindman, Thief."
To find out what we will be married in:- "Silk, Satin, Cotton, Muslin, Rags."
There are many others such as, what will we wear? What kind of house will we live in? What vehicle will we go in? What will we wear on our feet. What will we wear on our feet. What kind of a cake will we have. What year and day we will be married on. At whatever name we chance to stop, that is the person we will be married to or the material we will be dressed in an son on.
This is another game, that the more playing

1.
One day for recreation is gan aoinne
beo im chuileachtain
I spied a charming fair maid na
haonar is i siopa 'stig
She was singing like an angel
Is me ag éisteaccht le na binne guth
I whispered soft & aisy
Sé dubhairt sí leag dod paidreachtCurfá
S'anonn 'S anall a Mháirín
Do malaí is do bheilteanna
Is a bhean na stocaí mbána
Ba bhréagh liom bheith ag iomaidh leat
2.
Her amber locks most nately
Go dréimneach ag turam lei
Adown her back and waist o
'S do phreab mo chroidhe le taitneamh
I asked her was the fair on
An bhean Dé nó bhí ag Jupiter

ache is cold whiskey, pepper salt, soda, salts, and turpentine
Stomach Pain Swallow a smoke of a pipe or hot molasses.
A Toothache:- cold water, chew tobacco, blue-stone.
A burn Butter and breadsoda, linseed oil, and rocklime, sweet oil, the white of an egg.
A Cut:- Ribgrass, a cabbage, an ivy leaf
A Festered Sore:- a poltess of cow dung and new milk, soap and sugar, white bread, boiled bran, linseed meal stirabout, oaten meal
A thorn:- A foxes tongue to take it out.
Headache: Breadsoda in water.

and she told me besides that the old people considered soda bread bad for the stomach as the soda was poison etc, and that people who were eating it hadn't such good health.Fried Boxty
Then boxty is very nice when fried in the form of pancakes. Grate the potatoes as for boiled boxty. Strain off the water but it's not necessary to wring, add salt to taste a little carraway and then about half cupful of new milk or freshly skimmed will do, thicken this batter with flour not too much flour and blend as in ordinary pancakes. Beat well and just before putting on the pan add half teaspoonful each of soda and cream of tartar or baking powder in proportion to the quantity made which all good cooks know how to do. Fry in nice hot fat to a good brown and turn and when both sides are brown lift on to paper to absorb grease. Serve with butter, and sugar can be used according to taste.
Boxty is indigestable if eaten cold. Best and nicest eaten hot.

Travelling Folk.
Travelling folk such as tinsmith and gipsies still call at the houses but very few of the extreme poor beggars that were plentiful in olden times are to be seen now.
Most of those travellers are very poor. Some of them sell small articles such as wicker works, pieces of material, lace and other small articles.
The poorest of these accept alms such as flour, bacon, potatoes, sugar, tea, eggs or money. But others would not take anything.
They travel on foot on horseback or on carts and some of them travel in families and others in bands but

and flowers, and gathering alms, and the men who will mend anything for you, from a saucepan to a boiler, and who put the place to- and - fro for horse - hair bottles and other such articles which they know how to turn into profit for themselves.
Sometimes these travellers are welcome and sometimes not, it generally depends on the humour the house-wife is in. they come especially at Easter for Easter eggs and around here they come in vast in vast bands for the pattern at Lecarrow. They pitch their tents outside the village and are the plague of the place for the next week or so, when they gather up their bag and baggage and hit off to some fresh camping ground.
The "travelling people" who call at our village generally travel in carts; sometimes we have the roving gipsies, with their dark eyes and swarthy skin who tell fortunes and beg us "to buy lace, lady" lucky

their food was very healthy and nourishing. The people in those days ground their own meal in their own homes by drying the corn in pots and grinding it with quaren stones. The corn was threshed by means of the flail. On an appointed night the neighbours gathered together and threshed one man's corn, this continued until everyman's corn in the neighbourhood was threshed. Each night when the supply of corn was threshed the men drank poteen with relish.
The means of cultivating the land and sowing and reaping the crops then were very different to nowadays. Machinery not being in use the principal farm - utensils made use of were the spade, shovel, and reaping - hook, and those methods were very tedious. The principal crops sowed were oats and potatoes. The oats fetched from eight to nine shillings per barrel. The men were

Traveling people still call to my village. They are not very poor people. Their surname is Ward. They sell little tables that they make themselves and they also sell delphiniums. They buy horse hair and rabbit skins. They put up a small tent and they get straw from the people of the village to lie on at night. There is an old man in the tent and he is a great story teller. The people of the village go to his tent to hear him telling the stories every night. He tells some true stories and makes up other stories. They stay in my village about three weeks or a month.
They have their own food with them. They travel with a pony and spring-cart. They generly come about the summer time and again about two weeks before the pattern.

The Mahons in the Demesne, were English Landlords who came to Ireland in Cromwell's time. They had many palaces near Strokestown. There are still the ruins of an old palace in Clonfree, some of the rooms are still there. It stands a few fields off the road. Many people have lived in it since the Mahons and have knocked the most of it. There are many ghost stories about it. There was often seen a coach drawn by four headless horses going from the demense house to Clonfree house. About forty years ago a young man was coming from rambling. He saw the coach coming and he ran behind a ditch and lay down in a dike until they passed on. He was about to get up again when it passed back.
When catholics took the place there were masses said and no ghosts

loss of so much money.
There is another story told of a man who was working in Farn. One morning as he was crossing the wall going to work he found a half-crown. On finding no owner for it, he kep it. The next morning he found another one, but said nothing about it, so he kept it also. Every morning for a month he found one on the wall. He then decided to tell his master about it, so the following morning there was no money for him. It is believed that if he told no-body about it that he would keep on getting the money every morning.

We have a large cow house at home. He is called a byre. It holds six cows. It is eight feet high and eleven fut wide. It has a roof of corrugated iron. There is a heavy oak beam going across each gable from one side wall to the other. This beam is called a revel tree. To this beam the stake for the cows are fixed. The stakes was first sunk in the floor and then a runner made from a handle of a bucket was just down over the top of each stake. The stake was then made fast to the revel tree so that she

throw it into the brook. The minit he did the brook ran red with blood. Every after he fasted three times a week. He never eat a fish again.

throw it into the brook. The minit he did the brook ran red with blood. Every after he fasted three times a week. He never eat a fish again.
Thats the story as Daddy told it to me and his father told it to him.

made from Corn wheat, oats, and barley grown locally had at one time been extensively used in this locality and the Mothers of the past generation knew their job and made wholesome home made bread. They were adepts in making what is kown as the Ovenpot cake which can be made perfect only on a turf fire. There used to be a big round stone kept in every farm yard with a hole in the centre into which wheat was put to be ground. One of these quern stones can be seen at the residence of Mr. Wm. O Brien Knockrower, Stradbally, and is in working order. Milk is principally used in kneading

In olden times people used to eat different food than is eaten now. About three meals the old people ate in the day. These were the meals oatmeal porridge and potatoes fish butter and the drunk some milk also. The bread the ate was oat bread baked on a table and well hardened in front of a fire on a bread iron. People always worked before having meals some people had porridge in the morning and others in the evening. Long ago the people never ate late at night. The people used wooden vessels before cups were made. The wooden vessels were called noggins or piggins. The table was at the side of the wall with its end by the floor, when the meal was over the table was lifted and hung on the side of the wall.

There is one big road in my district, it leads you to Rockhill going down by Ballintra, Lignanorning and Ballinakellew.
There are some old roads which are not much used. There is one called White Rock this road leads through a bog, it is not much used now. Long ago when there were no good roads the people used to go this old road when the were going to the bog. There is a narrow road going through big park

Derries is my own district. There are 17 houses in this district. The population of Derries is about 60. There are four or five old people in the Derries. None of them speaks Irish. There is s treasure supposed to be hidden in the Derries but the place is unknown. It was called the Derries because it was an oak forest long ago. There were far more people in the Derries long ago. There is one big lakein the Derries called Lough Rath. There is 463 acres in it.

There are some curious customs and beliefs around this place. If a pot cracks when hung on a fire it is a sign that a stranger is coming to the house. If a dog carries a straw in his mouth it is also a sign of the coming of a stranger. Another true sign is the crowing of the rooster in the door. If a man is the first person to enter a house on New Year’s day it is believed there will be good luck in that house during that year but if a woman is the first person to enter bad luck will be sure to overtake that household during that year. It is believed to be unlucky to meet a bare on a journey or worse still a red-haired, barefooted woman. In fact to meet any of these on a journey is enough to make

records tell us in 865 the fortress of the Danes here was named Due-Awley. The fort of Aulaff was burned and the heads of 100 of their choicest men were strewn on the plain by the Irish. To revenge this act, Aulaff is recorded to have surprised by an ambuscade 2,000 Irish many of whom were slain or taken prisoners. Clondalkin in 1071, we are told was accidentally burned and in 1139 Pope Alexander confirmed Clondalkin to the sea of Dublin. A man named James Staaehurst in 1657, of Cardiff, sold all his estates in the towns, villages and fields of Newhall and Clondalkin, to Daniel Molyneux. The King in 1609 granted to Gerald, Earl of Kildare, several premises and lands at Clondalkin. The gun-powder mills were erected in

Clondalkin's old Church at one period in its history boasted 3 altars, which were dedicated to St Bridget, St Thomas and the Blessed Virgin. The old round tower, one of the most perfect in existence, stands as a sentinel, 84 ft. high, whose door is 15 ft. from the ground, with walls 3 ft. thick. Few people of the present day can imagine this quite little town, once being celebrated for its powder mill and at one time it possessed two oil mills. Close by was a Monastery of 10 monks, who taught various trades to 60 boarderes and 20 day scholars. St. Cronan Mochana is regarded to have been the first Abbot, and his feast is held on the 6th of August. Old

Holy water font in Newcastle church, Co. Dublin belonged to the church of Kilmactawley on the property of the Baggot family for centuries which is now called Castlebaggot. It was removed by Ellen Maria Baggot and placed in Newcastle Church in memory of James John Baggot her husband, who departed his life on the 9th June 1860. Written on front of the High Altar Newcastle Church is - Orate pro animis J.J. Baggot et familiae EJus qui me ferit A.D. 1869.The old ruin is now very delapidated and to show it's great age all the inscriptions on the tombstones in the graveyard are illegible.

applies this ointment to the boil or sore it will be cured no matter how bad it may be. I, myself have been cured by this method. This man never takes any for the ointment, but the person must bring him the eggs for the ointment. For a person who is affected with consumption there is nothing better than to boil dandelions and drink the juice.Many modern people do not believe in old-fashioned cures but personally I think there is nothing better.

To the east of Palmerstown Village there is house "St Laurence's Manor" which was once occupied by the Yoemen. In this house there was a padded cell in which was a secret door. There were gallows there which were used for executing people during the '98 rebellion. Under the gallows was a pit where the bodies of those who were executed, were burned with quicklime.These were only destroyed about years ago.

Sit up this night to see what it is.” Taking his gun with him which was loaded with a crooked sixpence he went out to his farm. It was about two o’clock in the morning. All that he could see was a hare running around the cows sucking them. He took aim at the hare and cut off one of its legs. It began to bled and the man was able to track it up hill and down hill till he came to a little house on the mountain side. The man went in and the hare had disappeared but instead there was an old woman with her leg cut off. After that the cows had the usual amount of milk.

He wakened his companion and told him what had happened. The following morning when he was going home he met an old man who had been on the same job and was now retired. Scanlon asked him if he ever saw anything in the weir house. The old man said he had and described the same woman saying she had appeared to him on the same date twenty years before. The old man said that tradition had it that this woman was fowly murdered in the weir house and always appeared at intervals of twenty years, at the same time twelve o’clock.

Of the son and of the holy ghost.
2. Some people cure ringworm by getting some clay and mixing it with spitles and making a worm crawl round it on the floor. The clay is then rubbed on the ringworm and the worm is made crawl round the part that is effected. This is done three times. This cure is handed down from a man to a woman and from a woman to a man.

One time there was a man and he had three sons. He told them he was going to die and he told them he lost cattle on the farm. He told them which ever of them would get the cattle he would leave the land and cattle to them. The three sons set out together to see if they could get the cattle. The three of them went the same way. On their way they came on a well. The second son said “At the bottom of that well there is a field.” He told the eldest son to jump in and so he did jump in. he began to roar and the second son asked the youngest son what was the roaring for and the youngest son said he was roaring for help to get out the cattle out of the well and he told him to jump in also and so he did. Then the two of them were drowned. He then went home and got the farm.

During the famine of 1846 the Government sent supplies of Indian meal, which was cooked on large fires in the open, and then divided among the deserving. One man used to act as clerk, and had a book containing the names of those to be supplied and the quantity alotted to them. The meal was boiled in large pots. Two of which are still to be seen in the district. One is in the yard of a house belonging to Miss McKeown in Main St. Ballyshannon, and ate often in the garden of Elliotts Hotel. Belleek, where it is used as a receptacle for growing flowers.

On St. Brigid’s Day, it is a very old custom to make crosses out of rushes. Then, people hang them up over their doors to bring good luck during the year. Long ago, on the 11th March, the teachers used to make crosses for the school children. They used to wear them on St. Patrick’s Day. The boys put them on their breasts and the girls put them on their left shoulder. That was before badges and broaches were worn. At Christmas, in nearly every church in Ireland, there is a crib erected. There are figures of Our Lady, St. Joseph, and the Child Jesus, the shepherd’s, the ox, and the ass. After Christmas the three wise kings are put in.

On May Eve many different customs are observed by the people of various districts. In the meadows, yellow flowers, like large buttercups, are to be seen. The people gather them and make them into wreaths, which they hang up over the doors. These flowers are supposed to bring good luck all the year round to those who pass under them. On May Eve, some people go out and gather a branch of rowan berry tree. This is put round

A few months ago men were quarring at a place called the “Rock” near Bundoran. As they were working they found a snake about ten feet from the surface of the earth. It was so fragile that it had to be taken out in sections. The groove in which the fossilized animal lay is still to be seen in the rock. It is five feet long, and one and a half inched in diameter. The rock must have formed over the reptile because no fissure or cleft could be discovered in the rock. It is said that it must have been there before St. Patrick’s time because it would at least fifteen hundred years to form five feet of rock. The remains of this animal were sent to the Museum in Dublin.

out of the room when the man's friend came along and accused them of not been able to catch the man. He got a sledge and broke the lock of the door he then ascended the room but the man thinking that it was of the soldiers coming up to catch him got the tongs and struck the man on the head. The man fell to the ground unconscious the soldiers rushed around the man thinking the man in the room was killed. The man in the room ran out and across the fields and the Yeomen after him. The man ran as far as Ballina where he got aboard a merchant ship and he sailed to France. The man never returd to

mixed up. Leave it in the basin until it gets stiff so that when you lift it it won’t break. Put it on the bread iron in front of the fire. That is the way oaten meal bread was made. To make wheaten bread wheat meal, soda, salt and buttermilk are required. The wheat meal is ground in the mill at Bridgetown from the wheat grown locally.

The bread made long ago was much different from the bread made nowadays. Long ago the bread was usually made from wheat and oats and rye which were grown locally and ground on a grind-stone in the homes or sent to the mills. Wheaten bread and oaten bread were mostly made. The cake was made by mixing a little flour and soda with the meal and the mixture was wet with butter milk. The bread was baked every day. The sign of the cross was always made on top of the cake. The cake was made in a bread basin and baked in an oven. Some kinds of bread are leaned against a support called griddle. This griddle was made from iron.

stop in spite of the fire. So that next night there was wind and the fire was stoped started. Micky went out singing and the boys threw a stack of straw on them and the fire into Micky's garden. Micky would swear until the day he died that it was the music that threw the stack on the man with the fire. So the next morning the man wanted is oats and Micky wold not give it to him. All the neighbours came and made agreement and said that there would be no other fire on a windy night but the lost his oats.

Once upon a time there lived a great piper in Cruinneán called Doherty. He was the best piper that was ever heard. Once he went along way playing and when he came home he was very tired. He sat down at the fire. His wife was gone to bed and he was sitting by the fire when somebody came to the door. He told him to come in and sit at the fire. He told the piper to play that he heard he was the best player in the world. The piper told him he was very tired. Then the man told him to play and he gave him a short answer. Then the walked out and the piper went to bed. That night and the next night he went a long

This was another light the old people had before lamp oil was used. They used to get a munla made by a tinker. Then they used to get tallow, and a woollen thread, and they used to melt the tallow. They would hold a woolen thread in the middle of the munla and pour the melted tallow each side of it. The would leave it in the munla untill the tallow would become cold and hard. Then they would take it out of the munla and then the candle was made. At that time there was no house without a munla.

During the long days of Summer a band of wandering people, whom we all call tinkers go about from house to house selling all sorts of articles such as little table, rush-mats, blessed pictures, saucepans, tin-cans brooches and collar-studs. They travel in families, there are two great families the Maughans and the McDonaghs. The men go about carrying a big box or budget on their backs. They fix old kettles, cans and other things. Some of them sweep chimneys and they ask hay, straw and turf.

about an inch unspun and to this the next roll was attached. When all the wool was spun two or three threads were twisted together. the number depended on the purpose for which the wool was required. if it was to be made into blankets a thick thread was required, a finer one was prepared was weaving into flannel for quilts, petticoats, shirts, and socks were made from wool thus carded and spun and prepared in the home. A good knitter could knit a pair of socks in one night. they also knitted mittens - gloves without fingers, and

His Eminence Cardinal Logue was walking along the streets of Armagh. He noticed a small boy vainly trying to reach the knocker or bell of a large building, “The Nursing Home.” The little fellow was so small he could not reach the knocker. His Eminence thinking he had an urgent message to deliver, slowly climbed the flight of stone steps to the building, and rang the bell for the boy. As soon as His Eminence did so, the little boy turned to him and said, “now man come one, and run for your life.”

Very soon Willie field himself getting very sleepy and he stopped reading. He laid his newspaper by his side and he shut his eyes and in a few minutes he was fast asleep. He slept for half an hour. When he awoke he was lying on the top of the mound and he was covered with red paper. He tore the red paper off himself and when he arose to get down of the mound he he noticed that his pipe, his hat, and his newspaper were gone. As soon as he was down off the mound he went away in search of his cattle. Willie said he would never stand in that field again.

My uncle John Gorman of Greaghs who is about eighty years of age told me of the following diseases and their cures. He said there was a cure for the Mumps, the Toothache, Warts Heart Fevour, Strain and the Rose.
This is how the cure for the Mumps is made. People that have the cure of the mumps their father and

Long ago people used no lamps like us today. Instead of lamps they used old candles that they made themselves. These candles were not like the ones we have today. They were made of fat and a cord was pulled up the middle of them for a wick. Then they were left to harden and this was all the light the people for a long time. There were other of kinds of candles called Rush Candles. The were made of green rushes stept in the oil of butter. The green skin was pulled off them and they were left in for a while. When the oil soaked in them they were taken out and left away in some dry place to season. Some people did not know how to make the candles and they had to sit by the fire all night lighting bits of fir sticks to give some light.

The buachallán, the ferrybawn, the dock, the nettle, and the rush. Garlic is a cure for a soar neck. People go down to the rivers on a Summer's evening and pull water cress for their tea. Broom is a cure for a pain in the back or a soar in the stomach. The garlic is good for a dog that has the fits or a for a cow or a calf that has a worm in his tail. The buacaill an tíge is a cure for a cow or a sheep that has a sore eye. The herbs that are harmful to the land are the thistle, the buachallán, the black-head, and the nettle. The arys ivy is a cure for corns. They old people say that any place that St Patrick walked or went they say that the cabbage grows.

What can you take from six and have nine you’re answer (s-ix) s.A white cow and a red cow, and the white cow jumping over the red cow. (Tongue and Teeth)Stiff standing in a bed,
When its in season,
When its out, its like a clout
Slippy soft and greezy.
Cabbage.It’s the beginning of eternity,
The end of time and space
The beginning of the end
And the end of every place
(e).What never was, and never will be
Look at your hand and you will plainly see.
-You’re little finger as long as the others.As round as an apple, as flat as a pan
On one side a woman and on the other a man
- A Penny.Its long and its narrow, and not very wide.
And has a green selvedge on every side
A road.What keeps its hands on its face all the day – a Clock.What hangs and bears and never blossoms.
A crook.

What is that which a cat has, but no other animal has?Answer, kittensWhat author was never slow? Answer, Swift.In what month do women talk least?Answer, February, the shortest month.Which country ought to be the richest in the world?Answer, Ireland because its capital is Dublin What is full of holes, and yet holds more?Answer. A sponge.What is that which you can keep, after giving it to someone else?Answer, your word.What town is drawn more frequently than any other?
Answer, Cork.What turns without moving?Answer, milk.Whose eye never sheds a tear?Answer, a needles.Why is life like riddles?Answer, because you must give it up.What man is always on strike?Answer A Blacksmith Where was the first potato found?Answer, in the ground.

(7) Liosanna:
"Lios Mór": Is é seo an fáth a glaoidheadh an t-ainm sin ar an lios mar tá sé an-mhór.
"Siodh Chruinn": Tá cuma chruinn air an sidhe agus is é sin an fáth a glaoidheadh an t-ainm sin ar an sidhe sin.
"Sidhe Beag": Chuala mé na sean-daoine ag rádh gur b'é seo an fáth a báisteadh an t-ainm seo ar an sidhe mar tá sé ann beag.
"Sidhe Donn": Is é seo an fáth a báisteadh an t-ainm sin ar an sidhe mar tá dath donn air.
"Sidhe na gCarraigreacha": Báisteadh an t-ainm seo ar an sidhe mar tá a lán carriagreacha thart ar an sidhe.
"Siodh Dubh": Is é seo an fáth a báisteadh an t-ainm seo air mar tá dath dubh

(i) Páirceanna :
"Garraidhe mhór": Báisteadh an t-ainm sin ar an gharraidhe sin mar bhí sé níos mó ná na garrannta eile a bhí thart air.
"Garraidhe an Chladaigh": Is é seo an fáth gur tugadh an t-ainm sin air an garraidhe mar tá sé in aice an chladaigh.
"Garraidhe na bPreáchán": Chualaidh mé sean daoine ar an mbaile seó ag rádh gur tugadh an t-ainm sin air mar bhíodh go leór preáchán 'na luighe ar an claidhe atá thart air.
"Garraidhe chúl theach na sgoile": Chualaidh mé mo athair ag rádh gur thug na sean-daoine an t-ainm sin air an garraidhe mar bhí teach sgoile annsin fadó.
"Garraidhe an Charragáin": Ghlaoidh na daoine fadó an t-ainm

resounded to the din of much feasting. In the midst of the festivities a messenger arrived bearing tidings of the rising in the north - the first intelligence of the rebellion to reach Munster. Nothing was said of the news until dinner was over. Then there was a sudden and hurried departure, the guests united in peace becoming divided in war. An attempt was made on the castle by confederate forces in 1645. When they were a short distance from the fortress, Lord Broghill issuing out with a company placed himself in their way and by strategies of pretended flight he drew the Irish into pursuit; but suddenly wheeling about he fell on the disordered rans and utterly defeated them.
The castle was revenated and enlarged in 1700, but 71 years later it was burned to the ground. The chutes on top being repaired, the workmen accidentally left hot soldering irons on some woodwork, which quickly caught fire and set the whole establishment into a blazing inferno. It is said that the fire was burning for two months.
In recent times also, Castlyons has an interesting story. The story of the defense of Bawnard House has speed far and wide. Bawnard was the ancestral home of the Kent family, in which there were five sons: Edmund, Richard, Thomas, David, and William. In 1914 Thomas and David were active in the enrollment of the Irish volunteers, but in a short time Thomas was arrested and sentenced to two months imprisonment for arms being found in the house.
On the morning of May 2, 1916, the household was awakened by a loud knocking at the door. It was a company of British Crown Forces come with orders to arrest the whole family, and in answer to their summons came the proud reply: "We are soldiers of the Irish Republick and there is no surrender." The police fired a volley; the Kents replied

This bread was made during the periods when butter milk was scarce in the locality.
Cream of Tartar bread.
Was made from wheat, flour, soda, salt, cream of Tartar, and water. Oatmeal was left steeping until it became sour mixed with flour on wheat and baked in the usual way it was known as stampy or Stampy bread.The women of these far off day were thrifty. Wages were small, so they were chancellors at saving both money, time, and energy. They churned once a week and generally did their baking the same afternoon as the churned. The milk was taken from the churn also, and put in crocks and basins. When empty it the churn was scrubbed. The women generally stored the baked bread in the churn. The bread was rapped in fine muslin or white calico to keep it from turning stale. The churn was used as a store room when there was no "chest" or cupbord in the kitchen.Nearly every house wife put a cross on the cake before putting it into the oven to bake. The same custom prevails to this

There are not many thatched houses in this district. They are getting less numerous every year. People building a new house put slates on it. Some people with thatched houses put galvanized iron on them because it is too hard to keep them thatched. A coat of thatch would last for about five years. If it was a thick coat it might hold a few years longer. Snow, frost, + birds, affect thatch & then it may not hold so long. Wheat straw is used for thatch in this district. They cannot thresh it with a machine. A machine would break the straw & it would be no good for thatch. The [sic] switch it with flails or beat it off some barrell. Then they put the straw into bundles. It is very dear to buy it. It is about £8 or £10 a ton. Scollops are made of light branches of a sally tree. They are cut short & pointed. Some people grow them themselves & more people buy them at 6/ a thousand. They are grown in a twig yard. A twig yard must be a very wet place. The big stem of the sally must be cut very near the ground. Then the stem will grow light limbs & these will make scollops.

There are two forges in Emly. The names of the smiths are Wallery & Creagh. Their families were smiths for many years. The forges are situated in the village at the side of the street.
There is a slated roof on both of them & also one fireplace on a hob. The bellows is made of two pieces of timber joined with leather & worked with a handle on a chain.
The smiths shoe horses & asses & sometimes they pare the hooves of cattle. The smith also makes gates & repairs farm implements.
The banding of wheels is done in the open air. It is done on a circular stone. A bellows, a fire, & a well are wanted for the purpos. It is done on a circular stone. The circular stone was on the footpath but it had to be moved in because it was too dangerous. Sometimes people would stick their foot in the hole & get hurt.
People do not pay the smith immediately he has the work done. An account of all the work is kept, & they pay him at Xmas. The smiths are strong men, and have a lot of hard work to do.

There are creameries in Emly for the past fifty years. Before there were any creameries in Emly the people used to make the butter in their homes. They used to sell it at the market in Tipperary. A few people of the parish used to make their own butter down to recent times. A Mr Power started a creamery in a tin shed in the village of Emly. He lived in Waterford. He only held for two years, when he failed. Then Messrs Calvert and Lundy took it up. They held it then down to recent years when it was closed. Then Cannon Power started two creameries. They were two co-operative creameries. One of them was opened in Tulla. It is called St Ailbes creamery. He founded another creamery in Ballyvistea. These two creameries are there about forty years. Now they are owned by large companies. Either of the creameries makes no butter. They only separate the cream from the milk and cart it to other places where butter would be made from it. The butter would be supplied to the farmers then. The farmers would supply the milk to the creamery every morning. Some time ago they used to send it twice a day, both morning and evening. About the time the creameries started a kind of blight came on the milk and cream. If it were let stand for twelve hours it would get a bad taste and a bad smell. When the west wind would the smell and taste would be terrible. The butter would become very tough and it would have a bad taste.

In olden times people only ate three meals a day, these consisted of breakfast, dinner and supper. Principal food was potatoes, Indian meal, porridge and butter milk.
Breakfast was eaten about 8 o'clockat that time people were up very early and they had two or three hours work done at that time.
They had dinner about noon, they had no other food until their days work was over, then they had supper.
The table was placed in the centre of the floor for each meal and the faimly sat around it. When the meal was over the table put back against the wall.
There was no bread used exept oaten bread and wholemeal. At that time tea was considered a luxury.
Meat was eaten only about

Easter Sunday: On Easter Sunday morning long ago the people used to put on a pot of potatoes for the breakfast. Then they had the potatoes chopped on a plate and they eat a boiled egg to the potatoes with some sweet milk. They also had plenty of butter to add to this. They also had potatoes again for their dinner cooked in the same way and also for the supper. Christmas Eve: Long ago on a Christmas Eve the people had plenty of drink. They had home made drinks and bought drinks. For their supper they usually had rice on cornflour. Good Friday: On Good Friday the people never eat anything until twelve o'clock in the day. Then they had a cup of black tea and a slice of loaf bread without butter. Then they had black tea again for the tea-time but they could eat as much loaf bread as they liked. For supper they had a pot of oaten porridge. They supped the porridge with sugar and water or else bull-milk. On Shrove Tuesday, somethings called Sraft or Pancake Tuesday the people of olden days used to eat pancakes. It was a custom then but the people of to-day to not bother. One Shrove Tuesday night the people used to send someone who did not know much to a neighbours house for the lend of the "Pancake Suiv". There was no such thing but the people only did it to keep somebody going all night. When he would go to one house they would send him on to someone

Some people can tell what kind of weather is coming. They have signs to tell them by crows, or by the sun, moon, or smoke.Here are signs that my father told me. If smoke goes straight up into the air it is a sign of good weather. If the sun sets red it is a sign of good weather also. When ashes have a purple colour it is a sure sign of bad weather afterwards. If crickets get very plentiful and fly through the house it is a bad sign of the weather.Old people used to say that if the cat sat with her back to the fire it was a sure sign that rain would follow.You often see a dog eating very green grass and wonder why he does it. If a dog eats grass it is a sign that plenty rain will follow.When a shower comes and the hens dont run in to the hen house for shelter it is a good omen

was taken in a similar manner. When they went into the rock, everything was going on just the same. The same question was put to her and she gave the same answer as the other two. He then gave her the bunch of keys and told her what to do.She opened all the rooms and just saw the same. She then opened the other room and away she went into her two knees in blood.The dog and cat offered to lick her legs for her if she would give them what they wanted. She gave them as much beef and milk as they could take.They both of them licked her legs until they were quite clean. The horse came back and was very pleased to see no blood on her legs. He then went out to work.“Do you see those two rocks,” said the dog. Well that is your sisters and if you strike them with that rod they will be again changed into your sisters. She hit one of the

you rather have me a horse at night or a man in the day-time?” Shelia said “I would rather have you a man at night “Well there is a bunch of keys to you,” said the horse, “I allow you to open all the rooms except that one and for your life don’t open it.” Shelia took the keys and the horse went out.She opened every room in the house except the one which he forbade her to open. The first she opened was full of beef and bacon, the next of silk and satin, and the next of gold and silver.When she saw what was in all the rooms she thought it a poor thing not to open the other one; so she opened it, and away she went into her two knees in blood. She closed the door again and came out. She tried to wash the blood off her legs but she wasn’t able.“Bow wow” says the wee dog “if you give me the size of my head of beef I’ll lick one leg for you.” “Mew, Mew” says the cat if you give me a saucerful

Long ago people ate three meals per day. In the morning they got sour milk or buttermilk and a dip of salt. For their dinner they also got potatoes and they get eaten porriege for their supper. They got their breakfast at ten o’ clock, their dinner at o’ clock and their supper at seven o’ clock in the evening. Long ago men and women worked until ten o’clock before they got their first meal. Potatoes were eaten every day and were also eaten to meal. The reason they were eaten so often was because they were the chief food of the people. Long ago they took milk to every meal also both kinds of milk new milk, and buttermilk. The only kinds of tables that were used long ago was the tables that hung on wall. These tables were fastened to the wall by hinges were let down when the people went to take their meals. Long ago it was only at Christmas and Easter that the people got shop bread and bread made of flour. The bread they got any other time of the year was bread made of oat meal. The people never got meat they only got fish and salt herring. Tea was not as common long ago as it is to day. In those days the first tea people ever saw was at Deary at a wedding feast. The people did not know what it was. The tea cost ten shillings per lb. Then tea was made in the houses it was only the father and the mother of the house that drank tea. The children of the house got tea at different times of the year, Christmas, Easter, and “Hallow Eve.” Long ago the people never had cups because they had no use for them. They used jam pots, mugs and porringers.

The name of the townland in which I live is Drumduff. Drumduff means the long ridge of the ox. It is situated in the parist of Inver, and overlooks Inver Bay.
There are nine houses in it now, but long ago there were more houses in it. There are six of these houses slated and three of them thatched. There is one old ruin in this townland, and the people all emigrated to America along time ago.
There is one man over seventy in this townland, his name is Charles Meehan. He cannot speak any Irish. The commonest name in Drumduff is Glackin.
There is bad land in this townland, it is very boggy. The crops grown are potatoes and corn.
In the townland of Drumduff there is a old mill, it is for grinding corn. All the farmers in the neighbourhood bring their corn to this mill. It is a hundred

Here I lay down my head. Jesus Father at my head. Mother Mary at my feet. Guard of Angels at my bedstock to guard me to sleep. Go away you dirty brousy fellow over where you Saviour. Twelve with the three bleeding wounds nailed to a tree. O merciful Jesus have mercy on me.
Jesus be the branch. Mary the flower. St. Joseph help me at my dying hour.
There are four corners on this bed and over that four angels spread. Martha, Michael, Luke and John God bless the bed that I lie on. As I lie down on my right side, I give my soul to God to sleep and if I die before I wake I give my soul to God to keep.
God within and God without. God have mercy around this house and if any danger comes on me Blessed Virgin waken me.
Lady of the tree. King of the flower. The Lord be with me at my dying hour.
As it was on Friday. On Good Friday too. The

Joseph with a branch, Mary with a flower. The Lord be with me in my dying hour.
When Christ he saw the Cross appear He began to tremble. The Jews asked Him was it the ague. He made answer “No”. Anyone who says this prayer and keeps it in memory shall never take the ague or any other fever.
I lay my body down to sleep
I pray to God my soul to keep, and if I die before I wake, I pray to God my soul to keep.
As I lay me down to sleep, I give my soul to God to keep, waken now or waken never
I give my soul to God to keep forever.
St. Peter sat upon a stone, and by comes Jesus all alone. And says He to Peter “what makes you ache?” “My Lord and Saviour it is the toothache.
Anyone that will repeat these words for My Sake shall never be tormented with the toothache.

There have been very few shipwrecks in this district. About forty years ago there was a shipwreck over near Anach. There were about forty people going over to Scotland working. It was in Spring time. In these days people used to go over to Scotland and England. People from Achill mostly that used to.
The people that were in the disaster were from Achill. They were leaving from Anach in a boat. They were not far from the shore when they saw a steamer coming towards them. Most of the people stood up on the deck of the boat to see the steamer.
All of a sudden the boat jerked and the people fell into the tide and were drowned. The people in the boat called to the men in the steamer. The men in the steamer tried to save some of them but they couldn't untill they were drowned. The people that were in the boat were saved.
The next day their bodies were taken in the train to Achill and buried. So the first time the train went to Achill and the last time it carried corpse.

Clonbores or Clonburris is situated near the village of Clondalkin. There is a big estate in the heart of a wood called Moor's Wood, and there is a story connected with it. There was a young girl working in Clonburris at this time and she was in love with a certain young man; but she did not know that this young man was a robber and would do anything to get money. She had money saved up, and this man knew if she died he would fall in for her money.One night as the girl was waiting for her lover to come, she climed up into a tree. She saw the man coming but he was not alone, so the girl began to sing"One moonlight night as I sat high
I waited for one but two passed by
My heart did ache and the leaves did shake
To see the hole the fox did make."The man saw her and he threw a lassoo

61 It is easier to fall than to rise.
62 God is nearer than the door.
63 The thing nearest the heart is nearest the mouth.
64 When the fun is at its height, it is right to leave off.
65 It is the heaviest ear of corn that hangs its head lowest.
66 All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy.
67 The person who talks most works least.
68 It is not themost beautiful woman that is the most sensible.
69 The world wouldn’t make a race horse of an ass
70 He would hear the grass growing.
71 It is a small wind that wouldn’t bend a blade of grass.
72 It is better to bend than to break.
73 A rolling stone gathers no moss
74 The war of friends doesn’t last long.
75 A friends eye is a good mirror.
76 It is a bad thing not to have a story at the point of your tongue.
77 One without dinner two for supper.
78 It is a bad third attempt that will not succeed.

1 A stitch in time saves nine
2 Make hay while the sun shines.
3 Work is better than talk.
4 Time and tide wait for no man.
5 Your pocket is your friend.
6 Far away birds have fair feathers.
7 Hills are green far away.
8 Lie with the lamb and rise with the bird.
9 One beetle knows another beetle.
10 There is a black sheep in every flock.
11 A new broom sweeps clean.
12 A full purse makes a light heart.
13 An empty sack cannot stand
14 The thing that is got easily, is spent easily.
15 A friend in need is a friend indeed.
16 The person who is up his health is drunk, the person who is down is trampled upon.
17 It is a long road that has no turning.
18 A little tastes sweet.
19 The truth is often bitter
20 It is not possible to be eating meal and whistling.
21 When the wine is in the wit is out
22 There is no luck only where there is correction.

1
On the eighteenth day of April
A gallant ship set sail
With fifty-five young Irishmen
The sons of Granuale
They landed safe all in New York
On the 2nd day of May
To seek a home and livelihood
Out in America. 2
As seven of those young Irishmen
Were going down George's Street,
One of those yanky gentlemen
The happened for to meet.
He promised them employment
In a brickyard near the town
To which he did conduct them
And their names were taken down. 3
He then brought them to an ale-house
Where he called for drink galore

killed the game-cock and the mother said to Leeshy “be careful of every hone of the game-cock, keep them all together and put them into the wee green bag on the wall and put the black-halted knife in also.” The mother died and Judy and Peggy became “concaete” and looked on Leeshy as an ashy-pelt. They took a notion that they would go away the next morning and leave Leeshy alone. Away they went and when Leeshy rose she could not get the “dure” opened. She took the wee green bag off the wall, hit the sure with it and it fell out. She followed the two other sisters and when they saw her coming they said “Here she comes - the little ashy-pet tinker. She ‘scandalled’ us at home but she will not “scandal” us abroad. They ran her back and built up the windows and ‘dures’ with stones but when she got them away she let the “dure” again with the wee green bag and it fell out. She followed them but she care not to go too near them. When they would be on the hill she would be in the valley and when she would be on the hill they would be in the valley. Her two sisters looked back and saw her coming and they said “She ‘scandalled’ us at home so she might as well ‘scandal’ us abroad. Let her come”. They come to a wood and travelled through it. At length they came to a castle and it was a giant’s house. The giant gave them a great reception. He had 3 daughters and they were so glad to see the strange girls that they acted until they were nearly dead! The giant put his own three at the wall and the three strangers at the stock. They were not long in bed until all were asleep except Leeshy. She saw ‘Gauls’ bands around the giant’s daughters’ necks. She took the ‘gauld’ bands off their necks and put one on her own neck and the others on the necks of her sisters. She then put her sisters at the wall and the giants daughters at the stock. In the middle of the

One of the old crafts carried on in this district long ago was the making of baskets. This craft is carried on to the present day but not to such a large extent as in former days.
Baskets are made as follows:
Green twigs are gathered and about eight hazel sticks. The hazel sticks are stood in the ground, and then the twigs are woven around the sticks. Then the bottom of the basket was made by putting about four hazel sticks parallel to each other, and then the bottom was secured to the top of the basket by means of woven twigs.
Basket-making is not carried on extensively in this district at present. Some people make baskets as they sell them at fairs. Baskets are sold principally in the months of October and November. The price of a basket is from 2' to 2/6.

would have nothing at all.
They made bread on a griddle with four handles. They had also a thing they called a griddle stand. It had three legs. It was of a round shape. The black-smyth made the griddle stand. The bread they made was called slim bread. It was made on water and soda. Why they made it on water was that it would never rise. They often kept the bread for a fortnight and it would not be stale. Miss Nevels mother who lived in Curraghtown always baked the bread a fortnight or three weeks before the mill came and she used to roll it in a cloth and it would be quite fresh. They used to put the pea bread beside the fire to bake.
They might have meat on a Christmas Day. They would have their own bacon. They used to hang the bacon accross the chimney to dry and to have it nicely smoked. They used not to have much vegetables at that time. They used to have plenty of white cabbage and yellow turnips and some times they would have parsnips. When they would have no cabbage in Spring they would boil water grass or nettles or pressah. They also eat water

The only band whose name I know is the McCanns. If the travelling folk do not know the way from one town to another they ask somebody in the town.

Once upon a time there was a travelling man who was allways boasting of how quick he could walk. One day he was telling them one of his great stories about walking at the Cross of Shronell, so a servant boy by the name of O'Grady. And he said he would challenge him for ten shillings aside.

There is a lios near John Sullivan's in Boloughacahireen. The name of the lios the Fiary Lios. The shape of the lios is a round hole. It is said that it was the fairies made it. The fairies lived on it. Wild cats and animals are seen there. There were lights seen near it. People often heard music and dancing in the lios.

lom leisceamhlach orm-sa, a deirfeadh liom nach raibh a dhath aicí no bainne ag ba seasga, teach sófach teach sifíneach, suarach aicí an deor a ba chóír tuitim ag an doras a' tuitim i gceart lár an urláir, bhuailfinn buille de'n chlithteóir, de'n bhlighteóir, de'n steafóg chrainn a bhéadh i gcúl mo dhoirn uirthí a bhainfeadh siubhal aistí a chuirfeadh í ar lorg an ime bhuidhe atá i gcúl an tíghe a' gabhail de shúile ag iarraidh 'ithe.
Éirigh suas agus ná'r chruadhaighidh Dia, an donán nó an diabhal nó an donas do chroidhe, ná'r dtugaidhigh sé uait fear a' tíghe mar thug an préachán an t-éan fad ó ó'n chirc bhuidhe, cuir chugam beagán de'n bheagán, mórán de'n mhórán tachtadh na muice firinne de'n ghruth bhuidhe; déagh mheadar leamhnachta uchar spóil de ucht na caorach, ribe muire de'n olainn, fad duine de'n tobaca agus ma rinne mise dearmad tabhair féin leat é.
Cailín a bhí ann fad ó shoin a dtug mise searc agus síorghrádh dí, mar bhí an mio-fhortún orm-sa. Lean mé dithe go híseal agus go hárd, fríd bhailte beaga agus bailte móra go Ceanada a's go Granárd go tobar beannuighthe Bhríghde go tigh Pilip a' ghluim, go tigh Pilip an chaibín chaim, go Curastair na gcaorach, go Cranóg, go tigh an donais i Muileann Cearr agus ó sin go Cruach Phádraic. Bhí deireadh

Tá reilg i nDómhnach Pádhraig agus tá sean reilg eile i mBaile na Mainistreach. Ní cuirtear mórán daoine ins an reilg i mBaile na Mainistreach anois. Tá fothracha sean-Mhainistreach ann. Tá fothracha sean-Mhainistreach eile i nDómhnach Phádhraig agus tá daoine curtha istigh ann. Tá marc ag an doras agus deirtear gurb é sin an marc a d'fhág Naomh Pádhraig ann nuair a chuaidh sé ar a ghlúnnaí ann.

sé leo fanúint amuigh, agus annsan thosnuig sé ar na franncaigh, agus dubhart sé:-
Dísbirt na Saoire 'sa domhnaigh ghil
Bhur ndíbirt as a gcill seo, go fonn liom dul.
Tá míle ciardhubh a dteampull Rois.
Is bróid na gcuibhreann go Samhain na Subh agus do gluaiseadar leó síos go dtí Breán Tráigh, agus soir agus treasna an droichead adhmaid bhí treasna Cuan naLéine an t am san. Isteach leo go Cuan dor agus amach airís soir a bóthar dtí an Ruarach, agus Níor dheineadar stad na sraonadh gur shroicheadar teampull na Sasanach i Ross Cairbire agus d'fanadar annsan, agus táid ann ó shoin. Tá scéal mar gheall ar aon bhFrannchach mór amháin bí comh mór le madra, agus bhí sé comh seannda san go raibh radharc na súl caillte aige. Ní raibh sé ábalta an bóthar d'feiscint ach fuar sé cabhair ó bheirt compánach leis. Fuaireadar Siúd Cipín beag sa díogh agus Chuireadar isteach na mbéalaibh é. ceann díobh ar gach taobh de. Annsan do thánaig an franncach mór 'na lár, agus cur sé an dá lapa tosaig anáirde ar a gcipín, agus sa t-slighe sin tugadh an tslighe go léir é isteach go teampull Ruis
.........
Nuair a chuireadh na Franncaigh isteach i dteampuill Ruis san dá teampull - Teampull Naomh

When Mícheál was a young man he and his three brothers lived in Loughburke Kilmaley. One Saturday night a distant relative also named Casey called in. Saturday was market day in Ennis and at that time and for many years after, not alone did the farmer who had business to transact, go to Ennis every Saturday, but lots of others went also, just to have a day out. They seldom returned until pretty late at night, and as drink was very cheap then they were often more or less sútach.
This Casey man who rambled into his relatives' home must have been a bit "merry" on that Saturday night as he missed the cross leading to his own house and came up the Loughburke road instead. He stayed talking with his relatives for some time and about midnight left for home. His house was only about a quarter of a mile away across the fields, though it was much further by road. When he going he asked John Casey (Míchéal's brother) to see him home. John agreed and they started out together. When they had got about halfway they came to a wall separating a fairly big field from the field they were going through.

struck it for it stopped running and seemed to pull itself along with great difficulty. He thought it would probably die in a ditch and he did not worry about its fate, he stayed on to mind the cows but nothing further happened. The father found the place where the hare had been shot and he followed the trail of blood towards a little cabin where an old woman and her daughter lived.
The old woman had the reputation of being rather clever at piseróga, but that morning she was in bed yelling with pain. “What is the matter with your mother”, said the old man to the daughter. “She got a colic during the night”, said the daughter, “and she is very bad with it.” “I know the colic she has”, said the young lad who had followed his father, “it was I gave it to her, and there is the blood on the floor."
Doctors were few and far between there but nearly every parish had a “knowledgeable woman” who made up ointments and lotions which she called “plasters”. The old man sent one of these dames to the hag of the piseoróga. The daughter at first refused to admit her but the old lady in the bed was in such agony that she made the daughter let her in. The “knowledgeable” woman said she found a gun shot wound in the others thigh!!

When my great grandfather was a young man he lived in County Limerick, years later he moved to O’Callaghan’s Mills in County Clare and from there he came to Kilmaley. When he was a youngster of about seventeen his father asked him one May night to stay up to mind the cows. The young lad said he would provided he was given a gun. His father had a shot gun - a fowling piece and he gave it to him but warned him to be careful of it.
The cows were driven into a field for the night, the weather was fine and in all probability there was no hay. The young lad was not in the least nervous as long as he had a gun in his hands and he saw and heard nothing unusual during the night. Towards day break however he saw a hare running across the field. It ran straight towards a cow and then stood up on its hind legs and began to suckle the cow. When it did that my great grandfather came out of his hiding place and gave a yell which startled the hare and it was away across the field but the moment the youngster found it going away from the cows he levelled the gun and fired at it. He saw that some of the grains of shot must have

and gave here an extra good push out of the yard. O Malley asked him what was the matter or why was he so rough with the woman. The publican said "You'll know time enough. You'll never get a bit of butter from that cow now. That old hag is all piseorógs."
O Malley drove the cow home to Kilmaley. When he got home his wife milked her and he told her to set the milk in a tub by itself. The cow proved a splendid milker , but after a few days when they had a fair amount of her cream set aside by itself, they decided to churn it to see if the publican was right.
Mrs O Malley put the cream into a churn and she churned it until she was tired but there was no trace of butter. After that she called her husband and sons and they took turns at the churn dash. They churned all day long but at night the cream looked exactly as it did when it went into the churn in the morning.
There was a fair shortly afterwards in Ennis and they drove the cow to it and sold her there, and they never heard anything further about her.

in the '40's. At that time Domhnall - who told the story to the father later on - was a mere child. When they had been in Kilmaley for some years the father decided that he would go to the fair of Tulla to buy an in-calf heifer and he took his son Dan with him.
When they got to the fair they failed to get an in-calf heifer but instead the father bought a heifer which had calved a few days previously. He bought the calf from a widow and when they had made the bargain they adjourned, as was customary, to the nearest public house where the money was paid over, a luck penny was given back and they had a few drinks.
After that old O Malley said to the publican that the heifer appeared to have a good lot of milk and that it would be better to get her milked before starting out from Tulla to Kilmaley. The publican said he would send out a girl to milk her and O Malley said that if he did he could have the milk for himself.
The publican called a girl, either his daughter or a servant, and sent her out to milk the cow which O Malley had driven into the yard. Just as the girl was going out the widow who had sold the cow, grabbed the can out of the youngsters hand and began to milk the cow herself, When she did the publican dragged her away from the cow

The O'Malley family came to Kilmaley from East Clare.

Bhí Bean Uí Cheallaigh oídhche Aoine éigin ag ullmhú chun go hInis maidin lae 'r na báireach mar bíodh margad i n Inis gach Satharn an uair sin agus bíonn fós. Do nigh sí caipín bán dí féin agus chuir sí stáirs air go luath sa ló agus annsin nuair a bhí na leanbhaí go léir imtighthe a codlad agus nuair a bhí an tigh fuithi féin thosnuig sí ar an gcaipín a iarnáil. Ba mhór an obair i sin, mar bíodh na míltíe ruiceanna ins na caipíni bána úd, agus bíodh iarainn speisialta ag na mnaibh chun na ruiceanna a shocrú i gceart. Bhí sí déanach go leor san óidhche nuair a bhían caipín iarnailte ag Bean Uí Ceallaigh. Annsin nuair a bhí sé 'na ceart aici thug si in airde ar a láimh clé é, agus bhí sí a chimilt annseo is annsuid le na láimh dheas nuair d'airigh sí mar a bheadh puth anáil thaob thíar di agus do leag an puth anail sin an caipín ar an úrlár. Sé an chéad smaoineamh a tháinig isteach

"And, further, that the said Francis Barrett and partners, their heirs, exors., admrs, and assigns, have agreed and engaged to fatten two pigs yearly and every year during the continuance of this demise, and to be sent the said Denis Bingham, his heirs and assigns, on or about Christmas in each and every year, or in default thereof to pay the said Denis Bingham, his heirs, and assigns, the sum of two pounds, five shillings, and six pence sterling for and in lieu of each and every pig not fattened as aforesaid", etc, etc.

An indenture made the twentyeth day of March in the year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and eight between Denis Bingham of Binghamstown in the half barony of Erris, and county of Mayo, and Frans. Barrett, James Mills, Owen Shevlane, Patk. Stanton, Patk. Heraughty, John Walshe, Anthony McAndrews, Andw. Conway, Widow Doherty John Hegarty, James Mills, Junior, all of Karrowmore, in said half Barony of Erris,and County of Mayo.The Rent.
The lease of Karrowmore was for one life, or fifteen years, and the rent £60, payable half years in equal sums, on the 25th March and the 29th Sept. in each year and every year. Denis Bingham claimed "uncontrollable" power under this indenture, and some restrictions also.
The above-mentioned Lessees Shall pay to the said Denis Bingham, his heirs and assigns, four pounds, eleven shillings sterling for each sum he, she, or they hold on said demised premises of Karrowmore aforesaid yearly, and every year

Dubhairt sé le Fionn cupán uisge d'fhághail. Bhí fonn ar Fionn, Diarmuid do marbhú. Nuair bhí sé ag teacht leis an gcupán uisge thuit an cupán as a láimh agus deineadh bpiosaí é. Rith sé arís agus tóg sé mám in a dhá láimh aige. Nuair a tháinig sé ní raibh braon uisge aige. Rith sé arís agus nuair tháinig sé arís bhí Diarmuid marbh. Annsan do phós Fionn Gráinne.

Aon lá amháin chonnaic fear long mór ag teacht thar sáile. Bhí an

Bhí gleann fadó ann agus bhí sé líonta le féar agus bláthanna. Tagadh na

óg dhó ag chuir sé cránn ag fás an lá ar rugadh é. Nuair a bhí a mac seacht mbliadhna síl sé an crann tharraingt acht ní raibh se in ann. Nuair a bhí sé bliadhain is fiche tharraingt sé é agus rinne sé maide siubhail dhe agus bhí sé leis go dtáinig sé chuig theach a raibh go leor coirce ann le bualadh. Dubhairt sé go mbuailfeadh sé féin é agus bhí sé ag bualadh an tuighe nó go raibh sé chómh mín leis an gcoirce aige. Dubhairt a mháighistir leis cárr agus capall a thabhairt leis agus go raibh teach líonta le tuighe in áit áithrid agus dubhairt sé leis é a thabhairt chuige. Rinne sé é agus chuir sé rópar faoí an teach agus thug sé leis ar a dhruim é chuig a mháigistir. Dubhairt an mháigistir leis a dhul

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was bad, from 2/6 to 6/6 per stone, the latter being supposed to be a very high price. Paddy McKenna was the first man in this parish to get 6/6 per stone. He was in poor circumstances, and his old wife and a boy bettled the flax on the hearth stone, after drying it previously over the kitchen fire.
Of course at an earlier date than any stated in this narrative there were several places and cross-roads where animals were disposed of, the one nearest to this locality being situated in the townland of Killyleck, in a field the property of James Mc Elmeel.
This field contains an enormous whitethorn bush or tree in its centre, which is supposed to be of fairy origin. It stood in the centre of the horsefair when held, and is half a mile from any county road.
Buying and selling of horses and animals was carried on by barter or exchange in those bygone days.
Mr John Mc Elmeel was personally informed by very old men, in his boyhood days, that they remembered selling horses & getting other animals in exchange, cows etc; or perhaps made a 'swap', that is, exchanged horses & got some little money known as Boot'. The same old man, who was almost a centenarian, informed him that he saw on many an occasion, country girls or women on the horses' backs, going to these country fairs. They would have to divest themselves of one of their garments

when we get the crowd gathered. That was how the marketing of beasts was carried on in years gone by. Of course, pigs and sheep were disposed of in the same way; bonhams being retailed in lots to suit purchasers, and there would always be 'haggling'; the farmer describing the good qualities of his pigs and also their age, which was always about ten weeks. He was always certain of that, and not a drop of milk ever crossed their trapples (throats) and that's their age to an hour. They were farrowed the very night before Ketty ran away etc.
Of course there was one fair in Aughnacloy and no man would either ask or get anything on 'Tick' or 'Credit' that was the May fair. And there is an ancient custom prevailing in this and other localities, that nothing should be given away or loaned on May day.
There was a time when pedlars in all kinds of hardware, delph etc travelled around this district. They carried baskets, and sold pins, needles, hairpins and cheap jewellery. But the delph woman was a native of Aughnacloy, Alice Hagan by name.
Another class also went around collecting rags, bottles, jampots and old scrap. These people also worked barter or exchange. They came from Emyvale or Monaghan; and one old woman, partially blind, collected rags. She had an ass and creels, and gave

the bag on me. etc etc
This kind of harangue went on in a lot of the transactions in the country shops.
Buying and selling is still carried on in the same way in these rural shops, but eggs and butter are a better price; and they are still bartered for groceries. As this district runs concurrent with the border for miles of the Co. Monaghan and parish of Errigal Truagh, all buying and selling of cattle across the border was prohibited until recently, but now will likely we resumed as usual. The rule in the last quarter of last century was:- if the small farmer had a beast to dispose of in the town of Aughnacloy, he talked the matter over a few days previously with his neighbour, saying:- I'm going to dispose of a cow, and I'm going to ask, say, Liz. I know its too much, but I want to ask plenty. You'll give me a wee bit of a hand, and I'll treat you to a Johnny of whiskey afterwards. When you hear me getting a bid, I want you to come and say the presumble purchaser only offers 8, you split the difference. But of course, I'll not be willing to stand such a bad bargain, and we may get the purchaser to advance a little. I'll talk very loud and boisterous and gather a crowd. But you don't let the buyer off until the crowd gathers, and you will always get some other person to help at the bargain; and who knows but someone else might fancy my cow

might say, all our ducks went away with the last big flood in the mountain water, and Paddy McKenna's sow pig eat two more. But I have 3 dolley's of flax in the ass' cart on the street (five small hand scutched handfuls known as 'streets' in each, about 6 or 7 lbs, value about 5 1/2 or 6d). And God knows, mammy sent this wee brick of butter for fear I'd be short. And she said if I'd have any money back, to bring a piece of red flannel for her back and shoulders, as there is a draught on our door, and she is afraid of getting the cold and she sitting so long every day and night, spinning."
Shop Assistant - That's alright now Susan' your eggs come to so much, your flax so much, and your butter so much, and here is an account of what you got and you have so much left. How much red flannel do you want? (1/2 yard.) You have still a few coppers left.
Buyer - Alright, better give me 1d worth of starch and a ball of blue, as my mother will want to have her white cap shining at the spinning match.
I think that's all I want; is there any money left?
Assistant - yes, a penny.
Buyer - Well, give me a pair of whangs, for the boys' boots. Well, I'll be going now, and thank you. Have I all in the basket? What about the stone of Indy meal, oh I see you put it in a paper bag. I hope you didn't weigh

Local landlords were numerous in this part of Co. Monaghan about 50 years ago. Their estates being small, a number of them resided in their homes or castles on their estates for at least a few months of the year.
The landlord resident in this district was William Francis De. Visnius Kane, Drumreaske House, Monaghan. He resided for some months of the year in an adjacent holding which he farmed in the townland of Tireran, having built a house there and tried to run a model farm on the adjacent lands from which he had evicted his miserable tenants.
This man's predecessors were owners of a fairly large estate in Co. Monaghan, having been planters from the days of Oliver Cromwell of the days of the Reformation. They obtained their estates like all other landlords by the confiscation and plunder of the monasteries, as all lands and property prior to that date belonged solely to the Catholic church.
This man's father, Colonel Kane and his predecessors had the good wish and a good name from all their tenants in the generations that have gone past. But this last man W.F.De.V. Kane was a professional tyrant and was looked upon by his

Deirtear go gcuireann crois Bhrighde ádh-maith ort le ceann beag a dhéanamh duit féin, agus é a choinnéail i do phóca gach áit a mbíonn tú ag gabháil. Deir na seandaoine go rabh fear ag gabháil as an cheanntar seo go Doire agus bhí aige le siubhal rith an bhealaigh. Bhí crois Bhríghde aige in a phóca agus chuir sé ádh maith air. Ní raibh sé i bhfad ar an bealach gur casadh aingil air agus bhí sí leis go dtainig se 'na bhaile arís.
Beireann na daoine isteach bláthanna ar an chead lá Bealtaine agus chaitheann siad iad ag an doras fáilte a chur roimhe duine ar bith a bhéadh ag teacht isteach.
Nuair a thiocfadh Domhnach na Slat bheireann na daoine

Long ago in Ireland the people had no doctors but they had their own cures for the various aliments.
For the Rose they used to put nine iron articles to it.
For the sty, pull ten gooseberry thorns, point nine at the sty and throw away the tenth saying ''in the name of the father and the of the son and of the holy ghost''. Each one must be pointed three times.
A person who is born with two teeth in his or her head has the cure of toothache.
Many cures for warts. It is said that there is a wart well in Kilbride cemetery. If a wart is rubbed with the water that is on the top of a large stone it will disappear. If it is rubbed with a black snail it will go away as the snail is withering. To rub the fasting spit on it for nine mornings is another cure for them. On the side of a road in Annagherra is a big wart stone and it is a remarkable one for it has cured many people including Brigid Corristine.
If seven boys or seven girls be born in succession in a family the seventh can cure the ring worm. A man named Micheal McLoughlin near Blacklion can cure it. Other cures for the ring worm are by plasters. Margret Higgins Kilmore has the cure handed down to her from her father.

long ago in Ireland the people had no doctors but they had their own cures for the various aliments.
for the Rose they used to put nine iron articles to it.
for the sty, pull ten gooseberry thorns, point nine at the sty and throw away the tenth saying ''in the name of the father and the of the son and of the holy ghost''. Each one must be pointed three times.
a person who is born with two teeth in his or her head has the cure of toothache.
Many cures for warts. It is said that there is a wart well in Kilbride cemetery. if a wart is rubbed with the water that is on the top of a large stone it will disappear.If it is rubbed with a black snail it will go away as the snail is withering. To rub the fasting spit on it for nine mornings is another cure for them. On the side of a road in Annagherra is a big wart stone and it is a remarkable one for it has cured many people including Brigid Corristine.
If seven boys or seven girls be born in succession in a family the seventh can cure the ring worm. A man named Micheal McLoughlin near Blacklion can cure it. Other cures for the ring worm are by plasters. Margret Higgins Kilmore has the cure handed down to her from her father.

swords men. But O Neill had a powerful strong arm and the Lord's arm was tiring. But the Lord could fight with one arm as good as the other, and he used to throw his sword from one hand to another. One time while he was doing this O Neill somehow caught the lord's sword in his and slung it 50 feet across his shoulder. He then beat the lord up the town with the flat of his own sword just as you would smack a child. The whole town laughed and the lord never again challenged any one to sword play. The row of men made signs and in less time than it takes to tell it the word of O Neills victory was home in Edenbawn.During Cromwell's wars a batch of his soldiers passed along this country killing and destroying and burning all before them. They marched from Lurga Bridge on through Mullaghbrack and on to Cloone and right along by this school. I remember the old people always called it Cromwells road and it was the only road in this part before the roads were made. The soldiers

I must tell you about a fight this O Neill had with an Officer or lord in Mohill one day This lord had challenged any man in Leitrim of noble blood to fight him in Mohill with the sword. Of course he was quite safe in making such a challenge for there were very few descendents of the old princes in Leitrim at that time. But O Neill heard of the challenge and went to town. Now they say he had a row of men stretching from Mohill to Edentown to give the result of the fight to his brother and family at home. He wore a big black frize coat and he met the lord in Mohill and challenged him to a fight. The Lord looked at him and laughed and said he would not dirty his sword on a person like him. Then O Neill put his hand in his pocket and pulled out his papers and handed them to the Lord. When the lord read them, they say he turned all colours and hand handing back the papers to O Neill he drew his sword O Neill drew his sword from inside his great coat and the fight began. They fought for a long time and they say it was worth watching, for they were two fine

man had a beautiful Arab horse and she was as long and as swift as a greyhound. She could jump sideways and stand on either her front or hind legs. She was so fast that every time the other fired she could escape the bullets. The Mohill man was the best shot but after several shots the Carrigallen man shot the Mohill mans horse. Then the Mohill man loaded his pistol and broke the stand and ran up to get near the other man but some of those on the hill who were watching fired at him and shot him dead. and the Carrigallen man had the day. They say the Mohill man did not act fair and that all he wanted was to shoot the Arab horse. And they bystanders would not let him do that because some people have more value on a good horse than a man. The people around here always were very fond of good horses.

rats round the rivers and I'm telling you there weren't half the rats in the country that time and we had no traps either.
But Ballyknockan was famous long before that time. There was a famous battle fought there in the time of Cromwell, but I'll tell you about that another time as its a long story. There were duels fought there in old times. mostly the gentry, and they always used to fight on horseback. I heard about one duel. I don't know how long ago, but it must be a very long time. They were army officers or gentry I don't know which one was from Mohill and the other from the Cavan side of Camgallen. They were very great and used to be visiting each other and they say that the Mohill man did something to the other officer's sweetheart. However the duel was fixed for Ballyknockan and they came there one day in the Autumn and they say that even though the oats was dead ripe the people left it there and went to see the duel as the wind of the fight got around. They made marks and faced each other on horseback and began to fire with pistols. The Carigallen man

they were finished with them. Then sides used to be so cut with the spurs that the people could not use them for work for ever so long. At last the people of Gubbs, Camber and Sunnaghmore hit upon a plan to do the yeomen out of the horses. They used to ride them headlong into Gubbs bog until they sank to their haunches and leave them there till the yeomen were gone. Some of the old people told me it was a sight to see as many as 100 horses ploughing about through the bog. The horses were nothing the worse for their time in the bog as they had soft heather and patches of green grass and of course the greatest gift of all:- the Orangemen didn't venture in to take them out.
BallyknockanAnother very noted place is Ballyknockan. About 150 years ago half South Leitrim gathered there to play hurley. Football was not played much in those days as the people did not like it. It used only to be played by the soldiers in Mohill and Ballinamore. But the hurling then was a grand game. Every man made his

boys among them. On their march to and from, if any man had a cow or a horse, no matter what value, they could bring it away and give the owner £5 if he took it, and if not he had to do without anything. This last time that ever they came these Fermanagh boys roused up a batch of the boys from Sunnaghmore and as the orangemen were going home they shot a dog at the owners door so the boys led by the journeymen went after them and at a place called Walkers Ford they engaged them in a fight and the orange leader named Walker was killed and several of his men. This is why the place is called Walkers Ford, and it is between Sunnaghmore and Camber. The journeymen did not show up as they were afraid they would be recognised and all their people at home would be murdered. They orangemen were prowling and limping around the place for 3 days before they got going again. They brought the dead and wounded with them.I often hear the old men tell of how these orangemen used to take the local horses, and keep them for drilling purposes while they remained in Faughill and then let them go when

Immediately before I was born, the Yeomen or Orangemen came once every quarter, four times a year to drill and parade in Faughill, Drumloughan and Ballyknockan, and they fixed a target on the hill opposite and 80 years ago when I was a child I remember picking up pocketfuls of the lead bullets that were fresh in the ground. Afterwards I visited the same field again when it was laboured in after years but there were no traces of any bullets. A man that was very old 75 years ago told me that about 1840 was the last time they ever came to this county.There were at that time a few men from Monaghan and Fermanagh who were journeymen weavers. They were working at their trade in Sunnaghmore. They lay in wait to see them coming in the morning and recognised some very bad wicked

we hold our hands up high. One girl stands in the centre of the ring and counts up to twenty-five. The girl twenty-five falls on runs after the other girl and they run in and out under our hands.
In Autumn we go through the wood gathering blackberries for the teacher. We pick them into cans. In Autumn we also go to the wood and gather hazel nuts. We take them home with us and eat them.
When the chestnuts are falling we delay on our way home from school and we gather them. We make necklaces of them.
In Winter when we cannot go out, we play Blind-Man's-Bluff and Forfeits. We also play and dance.

we find them they run after us and try to catch us.
When we play Rabbit Burrow every two catch hands and form several burrows. A girl goes into each burrow and they are called the rabbits. The two girls stand out in the centre, one acts as a dog and the other is called a rabbit. The dog chases the rabbit and she runs into another burrow and then the rabbit which is in that burrow leaves it. When the rabbit is caught she acts the dog.
We play Fox and Chickens by getting into a line. The first girl in the line is called the hen and the remainder of us are called chickens. One girl stands out in Front of us and she acts the fox. The fox tries to get the chicken and the hen tries to save them. If the fox catches any of the chickens that girl has to step out of the line.
We play High-Gates by catching each others hands and

There was a hand saw mill in Emly where Mrs. Carey is living now. It was worked by people named O'Donnells Wine was made near the Marsh gate about 200 years ago. Nails were made by the Hayes's of Emly grand Uncles of Mr. Patrick Hayes of the village. There was a family named Rea living in Emly long ago. They used to weave with a hand loom. There was an old woman living at the Railway long ago her named was Kitty Delaney She was a quilter an old woman named Norry Moriarty she used to make linen and wool spinning. The Fraleighs used to make sgeachs or baskets with sally rods. Candles were made in almost house. Rushes were dried and dipped in tallow. Goat grease was sometimes used. The grease was poured into the mould around the rush. Sometimes a twisted thread was put into the middle. Moulds are still to be found in some houses in the district.

Bill was a little afraid of the Curate Fr. O'Sullivan.Bill who used often like a drop too much took a pledge from the Curate. One day he was in the village and broke the pledge!On the way home whom did he chance to meet but the Curate. "Oh I'm caught" said Bill to himself but I'll be up to him for I won't talk atall. The Curate said "How are you Bill"? Bill was standing near a gate with his head down. "Where were you to-day Bill continued the priest. Still no Answer. The priest walked up beside him. "Why aren't you talking Bill"? "I'm on rethrate Father" said Bill.

About the year 1843 a man named Orr resided where the Catholic priests now live. This man was a Prodestant . Father Blake was parish priest of Roscrea then. The Catholic Church at the time was a small structure standing where the library now is. Father Blake wished to build a new church. He sent out leaflets asking the people to

day is a very popular day. Children dress a May bush with egg - shells and ribbons of different kinds. St Patrick's day is always kept a holy day with us here in Ireland. We ware the shamrock on that day.

On Shrove Tuesday, the old people used send someone getting Pancake Syive Shrove Tuesday night is calling pan cake night. Pancakes are made nearly like common only it is thin and it is put out on the pan like wee buns.

charity. People often give food to the children.
They travel about in painted cars and have good many asses, sometimes they walk if they have only to go in short journeys. There is usually a crowd travelling from one place to another. but when they put up in some village the women separate with their own goods. The prayers they say when they enter a house are: — "God bless you mam and your children and will you give charity to a poor woman." and when leaving they say "may God and his Blessed Mother be with you and that you and your children may never be in need and I'l be praying for you," Other thanks they show, "that you may be seven times better when I see again. God save you mam and that the Lord may bless you and all belonging to you."
They sleep in tents by night or under the cars on the roadside usually in the outskirts of towns and villages. They spend all the money they collect in buying drink and sometimes they fight when they are drunk
Gipsys :— Another crowd known as Gipsys go about selling holy pictures and other small articles. They tell the people's fortunes and get money or charity for this. They travel in caravans and they are more respectable than the tinkers as they dont drink or fight.

pancake & everyone is trying to get it. Another festival custom is on St. Brigid's Night people put straw outside the door for St. Brigid to come & bless it. If a St Brigid's cross is in a, house it is said to protect the house from been burned.

Not very many travelling folk come to our house seeking lodging for the night. Some of the travellers that come to our house make their living by selling small articles and others make their living by begging. Sometimes these kind of people travel in families. Some of the traveling folk that come to our house selling

In ancient times people had great feasts and some of them have survived up to the present day. One of the first feasts of the year is Pancake Tuesday. It is sometimes called Shrove Tuesday or Pus Tuesday. Nearly everyone got married in Shrove long ago and those who did not get married on Pus Tuesday would have pusses on them with disappointment. Shrove Tuesday is the last day in Shrove.A great feast of pancakes takes place on that day because a great fast will be held after that. The pancakes are made on Pancake Tuesday night. Another great feast is St. Patrick's Day. It got its name because St. Patrick died on that day and it falls on the 17th of March. People wear shamrock and harps in their hats or coats in honour of him. That day recalls to our minds what the Saint did for us when he was in Ireland.St. John's Day is the next feast of the year. A bonfire is held is held in every village in Ireland on St. John's eve. When the young people cannot get turf they gather money and have a feast with it. Bonfires are usually held at a crossroads in the country or near the towns.

needed together in the form of a cake. It was cut into quarters called parleys and toasted on a pan or on a griddle.
This cake was very nice when served with butter and new milk and was very healthy. There was also another cake made of oatmeal alone the meal was mixed with water and needed into a flat pancake. It was then left standing by the fire on a wooden frame which was then used for the purpose.
This form of a cake was treated by the people as a very valuable food. And they never went away from home to fairs or such places without a piece of this oatmeal cake in the inside pocket of their cóta mór.
There was also another food called sweideen which was principally used between meals this was made of meal made mixed with new milk. It was also often made by mixing the meal with sheerans.
Tea was introduced as a

Travelling folks are not so plentiful now as in former times, but as they were mostly old people they must be now dead. Long ago not a day passed without a traveller visiting the village. They always went alone and got a nights lodging in every village as they went by. They never stayed only for one night in any village and in whatever house they slept they slept on a bed of straw beside the fire. They were mostly all very poor and accepted alms such as flour mostly, which when they had a few stones they sold it making good profit.
The children were delighted to see a traveller arriving and would gather into whatever house he or she would be in to listen to the thrilling stories he or she would be relating. But there were a few men whom they dreaded because they would follow them with sticks. They all travelled on foot but they (sic) travelling folk of nowaday go round in caravans. Hardly any lone traveller passed the country now but they go in bands. They are called "tinkers" and "gypsies" and earn their living by making and selling cans, and

In the West of Donegal in a great forest in the Derry Veagh Mountains, about ninty three years ago, there was a man and woman, who had a little boy named Peter Griffen. He was reared there for about six years when a great famine broke out, caused by the failure of the potatoes, all over Ireland. There were about seventy houses in the district, and Peter, and his mother and father, lived in one of them near Lough Veagh.
He was about six years of age, and he could not do very much. The year eighteen forty five the famine started, and it came three years in succession. All this time the people were dying of hunger and starvation, along the roads, in houses, and in the workhouse. Amongst these the heaviest sufferers were the people of West Donegal, and they were dying in thousands. The landlord of that part of the country, was very harsh to the people because he was a Protestant, and the people were all Catholics.
So he began throwing the people out on the roadsides, because they could not pay the rent, and he even torned (?), and burned down the houses, so as they could not come back to them, and Peter and his mother and father, were also put out. After that, some of them went to America, but they never reached

and sat there looking at their enjoyment. At the break of day the fairies vanished but before vanishing they made him promise solemnly that he would leave two ounces of tobacco on that stone every time afterwards that he would be in Letterkenny. The man kept his promise and did as he was requested.

Once upon a time there happened in a little house in the heart of the country, one winters night, that the people of the house were talking, round the fire, a strange thing occured. They heard a violin, and several other instruments playing, in the fireplace. They listened for awhile, and it grew louder, and louder. Then they got so frightened that they called on their neighbours who lived down the road in another little house, and they also got very frightened.
At this place, when the day Police went off Patrol, the night Police went on Patrol. They brought in the both Police into the house, and they were going to go to the barrack. At this time the house was full of people, and the owner asked if there was anyone named Mary in the house, and there came an answer that there was. A croft of Holy water was given to the woman named Mary, and she sprinkled it in the fire place. She then continued this, and at last the music went up the stairs to the bedroom.
A little boy was asleep in the bed, and the music rose so loud, it drummed him out of the bed, and he fell on the floor. Then it seemed to rise upwards, and it went out of the chimney. The Police got on the roof, and they looked down the chimney, to see, if they could see anything that might cause the noise.

Herbs are very common in my district. There are the names of the herbs I know of, Dockens, Hemlock, Chickenweed, Bluebells, Nettles, Whins, Brooms, Heather, Ben-weeds, Arnuts, Ground Ivy, Gilgowans, Stagens, Bogbean, Rosenoble, Day-nettles Suileogs Colts-foot, Cockabenda and Ripplegrass.Dockens, Hemlock, Nettles, Stagens, Benweed and Colts-foot grow on good fertile land. Therefore they destroy the farmer’s crops and vegetables.The herbs that grow where the land is poor, are Bushes and Bogbean.Harmfull weeds are, Hemlock, Daynettles, Dockens. The herb that is most harmfull is Hemlock. There were two brothers poisoned with hemlock. These people

Herbs are very common in my district. There are the names of the herbs I know of, Dockens, Hemlock, Chickenweed, Bluebells, Nettles, Whins, Brooms, Heather, Ben-weeds, Arnuts, Ground Ivy, Gilgowans, Stagens, Bogbean, Rosenoble, Day-nettles Suileogs Colts-foot, Cockabenda and Ripplegrass.Dockens, Hemlock, Nettles, Stagens, Benweed and Colts-foot grow on good fertile land. Therefore they destroy the farmer’s crops and vegetables.The herbs that grow where the land is poor, are Bushes and Bogbean.Harmfull weeds are, Hemlock, Daynettles, Dockens. The herb that is most harmfull is Hemlock. There were two brothers poisoned with hemlocks. These people

When you are going a journey and meet a red-haired girl you should turn because you would have bad luck that day. Some people say that a red-haired girl is lucky to read your cup because the things she tells you are supposed to be true. It is lucky to meet a postman on a sweep in the morning.It is unlucky to have crickets in your house because when the first cricket comes it is a sign that some one of your animals will die. Some people say if you would kill a cricket it would eat your stockings but if you would put bread beside them they would not touch your stockings. If you are going a journey and a magpie cross your path you will have bad luck and if two crossed your path the bad luck would go away from you.It is lucky to see a black cat

Canbrack is the name of my village. The reason why this district got its name is because of the rocky hills and fields that are in this place. These hills were covered with grey rocks or stones. Nearly all these stones have been removed now.
The people called part of this village the sean-baile, because long ago the people had all their houses close to each other in the middle of the village. Later on the land was striped and the people built their houses farther away from each other. They always regarded the place where they lived first as the sean-baile

So they started to eat. Before he began to eat the servant man took the skin of the largest sheep and wound it around his body. Now the servant could eat very little of the sheep, but instead of eating he used to stuff the meat down between the skin and his body. At last the father giant and the servant man had eaten two sheep apiece and the contest was still unsettled. Then the father giant said that the servant man had not really eaten the meat and the servant man said he would rip open his stomach to show that the meat was in it. So he took a knife and ripped open the sheep skin and all the pieces of meat fell out. He now challenged the father giant to show that he eat his meat and the giant took the knife and ripped open his stomach but if he did he died and the servant man had now killed the four giants and the farmer was never troubled with his sheep after

father and hit him
on the head. The father turned round and thinking it was one of the sons hit him, he took up his axe and killed the son. So the other 3 buried the dead giant, eat the sheep and went away.
The next night they came again and the same thing happened and another of the giants was killed by the father.
The third night the same thing happened and the last of the sons was killed by the father.On the fourth night the father giant came alone into the shed with 4 dead sheep and killed and roasted them. While he was roasting them the servant man hit him with his ball of curd and the father looked around but could see nobody. So he searched the house and got the servant man on the loft. He brought him down and was about to kill him. But the servant man said he was giant to and to prove it he would eat as much as the father giant. The father giant agreed to the contest and it was also agreed that who ever should give up eating first should be killed by the other.

Long ago there was a farmer living in the west of Ireland and he had the best flock of sheep in the four corners of Ireland. He had a very faithful servant man working for him but in spite of all the servant man's care the farmer used to lose a fine fat sheep every night. Now the servant man found out that the sheep were being taken and eaten each night by four giants (three sons and a father) that came from the east in the dead of the night. So he told the farmer that he would stay up at night to discover all about the giants. So he put down a big fire in the shed and got up on the rafters and had with him a ball of crud ( curd) At midnight the three giants and the father came into the shed with a dead sheep and began to roast it at the fire. The servant man on the loft threw the curd ball at the

Long ago t's ere was a farmer living in the west of Ireland and he had the best flock of sheep in the four corners of Ireland. He had a very faithful servant man working for him but in spite of all the servant man's care the farmer used to lose a fine fat sheep every night. Now the servant man found out that the sheep were being taken and eaten each night by four giants (three sons and a father) that came from the east in the dead of the night. So he told the farmer that he would stay up at night to discover all about the giants. So he put down a big fire in the shed and got up on the rafters and had with him a ball of crud ( curd) At midnight the three giants and the father came into the shed with a dead sheep and began to roast it at the fire. The servant man on the loft threw the curd ball at the

rocks and changed it into her sister. She put her into a bag and sent her home.When the horse came back she sent him off home with her other sister. When he was some distance away he stopped to see what was in the bag, but the girl in the bag called “ah.” The horse thought it was Grace who was calling and he said “Scram to your big eyes but you see far. However [sic] Grace managed to get her two sisters home. Then she put herself in a bag and the dog and cat lifted her on the horse’s back and sent her home.So now the three sisters were at home and it is said that they lived to be three old women.

Thatching
The majority of the country homes of Ireland are thatched, with straw princippally oaten or wheaten straw.
To thatch a house well and waterproof, and at the same time, trim and neat is an art not easily acquired but there are thousands of countrymen in Ireland to-day who are experts at this particular work.
Thatching requires deftness of hand and good taste. The straw is first prepared by pulling it from the rick and shaking all short straw away, while you still hold the handful, it is then put horizontal on the ground till a large bundle is pulled, it is then damped with water and small planks put on it to press it flat. This is continued until you have enough to thatch the house. The frist coat of thatch is sewed on to the roof lathes with rope of twist sedge a wiry grass that will stand for centuries then the next coat is either pushed through that coat, with a thatching awl or laid on, and "scalloped"

In olden times Marriages took place before Lent. During Shrove week. January, May and November are considered unlucky months for marriage. Tuesday and Saturday are also thought unlucky days for marriage.No matches are made in this district now, the parties are left to choose for themselves. Match-making was made long ago.Stock and goods are both given to the married couple. The bride usually received a very large number of wedding presents. Marriages took place in the houses, only when it was the case that the intended couple wanted to get married unknown to the people. It it about twenty years since marriages took place in the houses.After the wedding a great feast was held in the brides home. The bride was dressed in either muslin cotton, silk or a satin frock. If she wore a white frock she also had a veil. She had had, shoes, stockings, and glove to tone. The wedding couple

In olden times the people thought the fairies had power over the cows. When a cow was after calving a little bit of a blessed candle was tied to her tail. They thought that this prevented the fairies from stealing the butter.
When a cow was let out for the first time after calving a fire was lighted in the byre door. The cow was made to walk over this fire. The people thought that this prevented the fairies from interfereing with the cow.
Before churning the people put a pinch of salt on the lid of the churn and they make the sign of the cross on the churn. They thing that this prevents the fairies from stealing the butter.
In this parish, it is the custom for a person to go in to his neighbours house for a can of butter-milk. Before letting the butter-milk out of the house the woman

Oaten bread was the principal bread that was made and used in olden times. Bread was made from wheat and corn grown locally. Flour was made locally. People remember querns being used. They used to make meal with the querns. Long ago the woman of the house had to get up early and go out a get a few shaves of oats and slash them against a stone next she used to clean it and then she had to grind it with the quern. The different kinds of bread that were made were :- potato cake, boxty, rye bread, oaten bread, wheaten bread and porridge bread. Potato cake used to be made on a griddle. Boxty used to be also baked on a griddle and a rasp loaf used to be baked in a pot. Rye bread and wheaten bread were also baked on the griddle. The oaten meal bread used to be baked against a bread stick in front of the fire and the porridge cake used to be baked in an oven. Potatoes and flour are used in making a potato cake. It is not kneeded. Potatoes and flour are used in making boxty and milk is added in kneading. Oaten meal and flour are used in making an oaten cake and water is used in in kneading. Long ago people used to make enough

Long ago nearly everything was home made as there were no factories.
Candles were made at home and this is how they were made. First of all the people got some lard or any old fat and melted it. Then they got dried rushes and dipped them into it time after time until they became thick. Sometimes they used wool instead of rushes.
Soap was also home-made and it is sometimes made at home still. Fat is melted down and mixed with soda and then left to harden.
The baskets were made from rods. One strong rod was made into a hoop and fastened with a few nails or a string. Several ore strong rods are fastened to this- then all the fine rods are twisted round.
In ancient times the spades were nearly all the same as they are today only they were made at home and were much heavier and bigger.

Long ago nearly everything was home made as there were no factories.
Candles were made at home and this is how they were made. First of all the people got some lard or any old fat and melted it. Then they got dried rushes and dipped them into it time after time until they became thick. Sometimes they used wool instead of rushes.
Soap was also home-made and it is sometimes made at home still. Fat is melted down and mixed with soda and then left to harden.
The baskets were made from rods. One strong rod was made into a hoop and fastened with a few nails or a string. Several ore strong rods are fastened to this- then all the fine rods are twisted round.
In ancient times the spades were nearly all the same as they are today only they were made at home and were much heavier and bigger.

1. When there is a blue blaze in the fire.
2. When the geese begin to fly about.
3. When the crane flies eastwards.
4. If there is a far off ring around the sun or moon very stormy weather is approaching.
5. If the ring is close to the sun or moon the storm comes at once.
6. If you see a dog eating grass it is a sign of rain.
7. If there are bright streamers from the sun at setting bad weather is expected.
8. If the sun goes down a pale redish colour bad weather will follow.
9. If the suns rays are white at setting it is a sign of bad weather.
10. If the turkies stay around the house and begin to fly over the hedges it is a sign of storm.
11. When the robins are flying down low on branches storm will follow.
12. When there is a noise in the chimney.

53. A certain frog wanted to get up out of a well, which was thirty feet deep. Although every day he jumped up two feet, he slipped back one at night. How long would it take him to get out?
-Twenty-nine days That would land him at the top and once there he wouldn’t slip back.
54. Two carol singers were singing in the snow. One was the father of the others son. What relation were they to each other?
-Husband and wife
55. If it takes six men twelve days to dig a hole how long will it take twelve men to dig half a hole?
-You can’t have half a hole.
56. When is a lawyer like a beast of burden?
-When drawing up a conveyance.
57. What divides by uniting?
-Pair of scissors
58. What is the easiest thing in the world to break?
-Silence.
59. What time of the year does a pilot use his parachute the

Clare Island. He got there in a Curragh and when he approached the place all the apartments were lit up and signs of festivity were to be seen all round. When the priest knocked Gráinne herself appeared to greet him. He asked her what was the cause of all the hilarity. She explained that the Queen’s Ambassador was being entertained within. Whereupon Fr. Gibbons told her that it looked very bad to see the Queen’s envoy respected thus, while the Queen’s soldiers were after sacking and burning their house in Murrisk, on hearing this the Sea-queen became furious and swore she would avenge the dead on the morrow. True to her word, at dawn next mornings she gave orders to her Gallies anchored on the strand to get under weigh proceed to Murrisk with herself in Command. On approaching the place all guns were trained on the Abbey, but there was no one there; the mob had gone. She then came ashore and decided to follow them, but on nearing Castlebar she was there informed that the soldiers had turned off on the Galway road where they arrived that evening and burned and looted St. Michael’s Church.It was with a broken heart poor Fr. Gibbons returned to view the ruins of his Master’s House, which he loved and laboured in. His little community was scattered and all they held dear stolen or destroyed. After some little time he got in contact with his brother friars again and the came together bid adieu to Murrisk forever. They then repaired to Ballyhaunis where they founded another house of their order, which despite the persecution that followed in after years lived through all and thank God still flourishes today. The two chalices that belonged to the mother-house are still kept in bondage in two local Protestant Churches

“Something old,
Something new,
Something borrowed,
And something blue.” On the way to the wedding the bride should leave by the front door, not the back one of her home. It’s is lucky if she first puts her left foot over the doorstep and once outside, she should not turn back for anything. If a black cat crosses the bride’s path, she shall have happiness wherever she goes. For her bouquet, any of the following are lucky, lilies, roses, rosemary, sweetpeas, and white heather. When honeymoon time comes, the newly-wed couple should take with them any old shoe which has been thrown after them. Thrice a bridesmaid never a bride. A girl who is a bridesmaid

and it will cure the pain in your head. This well is back in Cillgeaver.
The 7th son or the daughter can foretell what is going to happen.
Ponties
If your foot is curruped to put a ponties of white bread to it.

St Lateran is the Patron Saint in Cullen. She lived in a small little house in Cullen near a forge. She went into the forge ever morning for fire and she carried the fire in her apron and it never burned her. One morning she went into the forge and the smith said what lovely feet you have. She looked at her feet and the fire burned her apron. She then cursed the blacksmith and she said that the sound of the anvil would never again be heard in Cullen and since then there was never bean a forge in the village. She dissapared then and a beautiful well sprang up. Crowds of people go there on the 25th of July to pay rounds and pray. it is said that people are relieved of pain when they pay a round at the holy well. There is a nice wall of concrete around the well with a small iron gate in front.
Cullen which means holly is only one mile as the crow flies, from our

Bread used to be made from the people's own grain. Flour was not ground locally. It was ground with querns and it was often sent to far-away mills.
There were different kinds of bread. Potato bread was mad from cooked potatoes, salt flour and baked on a griddle. Oaten bread was made from oat-meal, salt, water, flour, and baked on a "bread-stick" in front of the fire. The "bread-stick" was made of iron. "Boxtai" was made of raw potatoes grated on a grater, mixed with Flour and baked on a griddle. Bread was baked by the day. Pancakes were made on Shrove Tuesday. There were no special marks put on cakes. They was always baked on an oven, a pan, a griddle, and a "bread-stick for the oaten bread. Oaten bread was baked in front of the fire. On Shrove Tuesday "Pancakes" were made to come near the forty day's fast of eggs in Lent. Currant cakes were made only at Christmas.

Easter Sunday was the day of which Christ rose from the dead. Also every child haves baskets of easter eggs, and great fun playing.Long ago it used to be a great day also. The children used to get no egg any day, but on that day, they all used to get one egg each. No baskets of easter eggs were sold that time, but they used to get one small easter egg each and a hens egg. They used to be laughing with Joy whey they would get the two eggs.They used to attend mass, and be thinking of when Christ rose from the dead. Long ago they used to get up at five oclock to see the sun dancing. They used to smoke glass the night before to see the sun better.

June "the month of roses", is considered one of the luckiest months of the year for marriages to take place in this locality. Shrove is also considered a very lucky time, but "Shrove Tuesday" the opposite because its night is called "Pancake Night" and Lent comes in at twelve o'clock, therfore they can have no feasting or merrymaking on that night. April and July are supposed to be two of the unluckiest months of the year for marriages, and Friday and Saturday two of the unluckiest day of the week. Some time before the marriages occur. matches are made and settled and money, stock, or goods given as a dowry or fortune. About a hundred and twenty years ago, it is said that some marriages used to take place in the bride's house, as was the costem then.
Nowadays all catholic marriages take place in the churches, and the wedding party spend the day feasting and merry-making in the bride's house.
The bride and groom go on their honeymoon after the breakfast. That night "straw boys" or locally called

June "the month of roses", is considered one of the luckiest months of the year for marriages to take place in this locality. Shrove is also considered a very lucky time, but "Shrove Tuesday" the opposite because its night is called "Pancake Night" and Lent comes in at twelve o'clock, therfore they can have no feasting or merrymaking on that night. April and July are supposed to be two of the unluckiest months of the year for marriages, and Friday and Saturday two of the unluckiest day of the week. Some time before the marriages occur. matches are made and settled and money, stock, or goods given as a dowry or fortune. About a hundred and twenty years ago, it is said that some marriages used to take place in the bride's house, as was the costem then.
Nowadays all catholic marriages take place in the churches, and the wedding party spend the day feasting and merry-making in the bride's house.
The bride and groom go on their honeymoon after the breakfast. That night "straw boys" or locally called

Bread
The bread used formerly was known as Rye bread, Barley bread, Wheaten bread, and Indian meal bread. Rye bread was obtained from Rye grain and was used by the poorer class of people. Barley bread was milled from Barley grain and was supposed to be nourishing food. Wheaten bread was milled from wheat and is still in use to-day. Indian meal commonly called yellow bread was very much consumed formerly.Wheat, corn, and oats were grown in abundance in this locality formerly and this is also grown presently. Querns though not still in use are strewn through the farmyards of the country. Potato cake and oaten meal bread were also used in olden times. Potato cake was made from uncooked grated potatoes and dried (sic) with very little flour and eaten hot with butter. Rye Bread, Barley Bread, and Wheaten Bread were mixed with soda, carroway seeds and very little salt and kneaded with milk. In some cases bread was baked couple of times during the week.

Saint Lattern lived at Cullen in the Duhallow district. It is said she was a very holy woman She used to go into the Cullen forge every morning for a coal of fire to redden her own fire and it was a custom by her to carry the coal in her apron This morning she went in and the smith said to her you have a lovely pair of feet. She looked down at them and she got proud then the coal burned her apron and she had the sin of pride committed From that day out the bellos seased to blow, and the sound of a smiths hammer was not heard in Cullen since, she cursed the smith and that is why old Seán Gabha built his forge in the town-land of Gleann-Tane. It is said that the Saint at Cullen and the Saint at the city and the Saint at Drom- Tarriffe were three sisters There is a holy well on each place

Griddle bread was made. I was baked on a griddle. The griddle

More than sixty years ago [i.e. 1870s or earlier] in this district there were no mowing machines. The hay was cut with scythes and the oats and wheat were cut with reaping hooks. The mowers that time were skilled men and they got four shillings each per day.
Nearly eighty years ago reapers were on the hill side on the land of John Donovan Madam's Hill Killarney reaping wheat at 4/- per day. A big wage then. Darby Sullivan was the best mower around this district. He lived between the bounds of Cahir and Coolgarrive near the big fort. Darby Sullivan used take the contract of a 20 acre field owned by Paddy Shea. He was a great mower and used cut along way with out edge. He used fix his scythe in such away that he used cut along distance without edging [sic]. He was an expert for mowing. He used take contracts to mow large farms or large fields. He used then employ other mowers. One of these was Seán O'Shea who lived in Knockeenduff, Killarney. Darby Sullivan's daughter (Hanna) is married to Seán O'Shea's son (Tom). They live in Killarney. Darby Sullivan is said to have got a charm for mowing while cutting the eleven acre field at Paddy O'Shea's Cleeney, Killarney. He then did not hear or feel his sythe mowing. He told some one about it and he charm left. Told by Dan Shea. Cleeney Killarney about the year 1909.
Maurice O'Donovan Cahooreigh N.S. Killane

Lá amháin do bhí Fionn Mac Cumhail ag fiadhach do fein. Bhí sé ag siubhal roimis go dtí go dtí go dtáinig sé go dtí loch. Chonnaic sé fear ag iascach bradáin ar bhruach an locha, agus b'é an t.ainm a bhí air ná Gruagach Leath Caoch Ruadh. Ní raibh aige acht aon t.súil amháin i lár a éadain. Do labhair sé le Fionn agus dubhairt go raib sé ann le seacht mblidhan gach aon lá ag iarraidh an bradán a mharbhú. B'é an t. ainm a bhí ar an éisc ná "Bradán an Easa Ruaidh." Fé ceann suim aimsire do tharraing sé an bradán amach ar an

Bhí fear i n-a chomhnuidhe i mBaile Bhoithín, Baile an Fhirtéirigh fadó. Ní raibh de cheard ag an bhfear bocht seo acht a bheith ag gabháil timcheall ó áit go h-áit ag spailpíneacht. Aon oidhche amháin bhí sé ag teacht abhaile ana dhéanadh agus do bhí air gabháilt thar lios agus sé bhí a rádh i n-a aigne féin aige ná gur maith é braon biotáile anois.
Nuair a bhí sé ag gabháilt thar an lios, tháinig

Tráhnóna deireannach, Dia luain is é ag báisteach
Is mé ag teacht anall ón Tulla Mór
Chuala mé an caoineadh is an torann gártha
Idir an spthán is in Gleann na mbóSheasas tamall go ndéanainn éirteach go bhfághainn léargus cé raibh an gleó
Nuair a d'airigh mé torann ag maidí géara
Is fuile ag pléasgadh go béa na mbrógA Mhuire Dhílis nach bocht é le labhairt i n-Éirinn
Nó sa nGaedhealtach Mhór
Dá chréatúir salacha gan ciall

Ní raibh aon Rí ann fadó i dtosach an t-saoghail. Tar éis tamaill do cheap na daoine Rí chun dlighthe a dhéanamh agus chun smacht a choimeád ar na daoine a bhí ag eirghe ró láidir. Bhí fear saidhbhir ann san am san agus toghaidh na doaine mar Rí é. Níorbh aon Rí maith an fear so mar ní raibh sé ag déanamh aon mhaith do's na daoine acht gach ní ar a thoil aige féin.
Gach bean óg a bhí san áit chaitheadh an Rí í d'fhághail le pósadh dá dtaithneochadh sí leis. Do mhair an Rí seo ar feadh seacht gcéad bliadhan agus nuair a bhí sé i ndeire a shaoghail theastuig uaidh cailín óg áluinn a bhí i n-a chomhursanacht do phósadh. Inghean baintreabhaighe a b'eadh an cailín seo agus níor theastuig ó'n a máthair go bpósfadh sí an Rí mar bhí sé ró-chríonna agius rud eile bhí seacht gcéad bean pósta aige cheana. Chuir an baintreabhach seo eachtra ar na páipéaraibh nuaidheachta ghá rádh go raibh an Rí ag iarraidh a h-inghean a bhaint di dá h-aimhdeoin.

About twenty five years ago a man by the name of Seán Ruadh was knocking a fort in his land, to get the treasure. He had not dug very deep into the surface when he

About twenty five years ago a man by the name of Seán Ruadh was knocking a fort in his land, to get the treasure. He had not dug very deep into the surface when he

Situated in a deep hollow on the west side, within 50 yards of the road leading from Riverstown to Omeath, and about half a mile from the former place is the pond known as Lochán an Ghreasuidhe. In winter there is a considerable depth of water in this pond, but in summer it is only a marshy spot (covered with coarse grass interspersed with pink and yellow bog flowers) save a deep hole near the centre where a strong spring pumps up cold water, even in the hottest summers.
Out of this pool the old people used to say that a white horse emerged on the first night of May every seventh year, but recently the long trailing bog cotton and other aquatic plants have formed a screen which conceals the dark deep waters, and the fairy steed no longer appears.
Close by the Lochán, many years ago, stood the little cabin of Paddy Cassidy, the shoemaker, and his wife Nancy. The ruins of the cabin were to be seen until very lately, and the old crab apple tree which sheltered its southern gable bloomed and bore fruit up to a few years ago. Even today a portion

Girls used marry from 18-25, called old maids after that, men used to marry 25-30 or from 20-30 Bawniens and drawers were made from flannel.Straw hats were made from rushes of wheat or rye - it was woven into shape of a hat - worn by men and women outdoor work.Baskets and cradles were made by country people of ozier rods; also mats of straw to put against door to keep out wind. Scuttles for turf and potatoes were made by people. Scuttles had handles on sides handles were made of goat's tallow and sheeps tallow. A tin mould shape of candle was made - cotton thread was put through mould. Kept perpendicular in mould - mould filled with tallow cooled - and candle drawn out Lamps were made of tin by tinkers - lower part stand - upper part held oil hole on top for a cover holding wick in middle.[Sketch][Sketch]The cover was like cover of a clay pipe. People used go to shop for a pint of oil, 1D of wick, 1/2D Salt 1D herring etc - pieces of bogdeal for swing light

In former days people grew their own wheat locally. They sent their wheat to be ground at the mill, which was owned by a man named Oliver at Kilfinane, Co. Limerick. The flour was brought home, and there was a certain amount of bran and pollard also This flour was not fit to be used for six weeks as it was too fresh. It was placed near a fire to become seasoned. People do not know anything about querns.Oaten Bread was made locally. It was baked on a griddle and was very hard.To make potato-cake, the mashed potatoes left after dinner were mashed with a bacaillín or a crisín and mixed with flour and again baked on a griddle.Boxty-bread was never heard of in this locality. To make Stumpy, potatoes were grated on a grater, and the mixture (half-liquid was collected)

drowned.
Tobey Brady was drowned in Fenagh Lough when he was swimming at about the year 1926 or 1928.

with father. The Mother died in Sept 1938. Sadie and Tommy also died.That finishes the Dromod Mohill Road fromion School to Railway Stat
28/11/38. B Esker NorthInformation got from Charles Reynolds
8 yrs known as "Dr Charlie" Maggie his grandchild brought The information to school. She is in V Std28/11/38 Four Houses in Esker North21. Edward Faughnan's House
1. Pat Faughnan
1938
2. Edward "Stair. - Pat Faughnan Esker married Mary Faughnan Cloonfannon There was one child Edward (2) who

Jim Tommy Ambrose Willie Joe Pidgie Maisie and Kathleen all pupils of Cloonturk schools. Ambrose the father died and the widow survives him. Jim is present C.Council for S. Leitrim. Kathleen is in Belturbet. Joe and Tommy in Dublin Pidgie is Mrs Cregan Cloone and Maisie Mrs Keegan Cloone. Amby and Willie live with the Mother. Jim married May Mulligan Killamaun 1 yr ago and they have one baby George one month old. Jim and his Mrs live in the house next named:-25. Jim Reynolds (C.Coun)
Jim built this house in 1935 beside the hold School of Esker.26 Pat Farrell's. (4th Esker house)
1. Pat Farrell
2. Hugo "Pat Farrell built the house His son

to the wall or sometimes on a basket on the middle of the floor put up on a chair or bos. When the table was not in use it was hung up against the wall. Oten bread was most used, it was baked before the fire, or soda bread made on a pan was used. People also used boxty, made from grated potatoes and sometimes slim-cakes were used which were made from boiled potatoes And flour. Roasted potatoes were often used by people out in the fields when they were digging out the potatoes they put down a fire at the back of a ditch and roasted potatoes on it, and eat them with salt or milk. Sometimes people killed calves and eat flesh (called Veil) salted meat was generally eaten. Salted herrings were often eaten, they were hung up in the kitchen over the fire & when they were dry they were cooked and eaten with bread or potatoes. The next meal was supper which was eaten before people went to bed - this was always potatoes or stir-about and milk, sometimes salt and water was used for dipping the potatoes in it. Flummery was also used, it was made from oaten meal, which was steeped in water and alowed to sour, the water (called

Long ago a lot of marriages would be celebrated before Shrove Tuesday and Lent.
It is a custom to make pancakes and to have them for the tea in the evening, and on that evening people give pancake seive to other people, they call them in to the kitchen to give them a pancake and when they get them in they would have a saucer of polish and sutt wet and when the person would be eating the pancake, they would blacken their faces all, and that is called pancake seive. On Ash Wednesday when people were not allowed to eat anything they had to eat gruel with nettles in it.

This is situated in the townland of Ballyherbery, about 1 1/2 miles north of Mocklershill. It was formerly the residence of people called Deveurix. The following story was told by Richard Delaney farmer Brickendown and he heard the story many times from a sister of the Ryans mentioned in it. Some years ago, a landlord and magistrate named Needham or Leadham lived near Killenaule. He had a dispute with a family of farmers named Ryan who also lived near Killenaule. In spite the magistrate had two of the Ryans arrested and and brought before him at Killenaule. He ordered them to be given 50 lashes each salt to be rubbed to their wounds and that salt should be rubbed to the wounds every day until they were healed. Then they were to be transported to Van Diemen''s Land. Jack was the elder of the two brothers. The other's name was Mick. Jack was a big quiet man but Mick was quick and bright. They were given their punishment at Cashel and were then brought to Cove and placed on board a transport. When going on board Mick noticed a large dog thin and gaunt chained on deck. "Don't eat your supper" he whispered to Jack. When night came the convicts were sent to bed and the great dog on deck was set loose . When all was quiet Mick Ryan called his brother Jack and very quietly stole on deck. The big dog came. They gave him the bread they had saved from supper. Very quietly they lowered a boat and made in all haste for the

There lived in Drianagh Eyeries Castletownbere a woman named Maire Ni Murcadha. She lived there about the 18th century and in the first of the nineteenth century. The people did not know much about her until she was about fifty years of age and it was then she started to set charms. The people were very much afraid of her and did everything she told them because they believed she had some power from the devil. The priests told the people not to do or believe what she told them but everything that she told was true and the priest finially believed her. There are many stories connected with her and I heard some of them from my Grandmother.
There lived in the townland of Pulleen a poor fisherman on whom the people christned the Durdie for a nick-name. He was married a few years and his wife got sick. The old people at that time believed very much in fairies and they said

month the cartridges were damaged and so disgusted did Hawkes become that he gave his gun to OHara and bought the best one he could find in Dublin. OHara now that he had a gun of his own and could sell his kill and buy a drop if he wanted it, always pretended to be very busy when Charlie would call as he did not fancy travelling over the wide moors for nothing and also he did not like fooling the man who had given him a grand gun /
This Charlie Hawkes always had a stable of race horses but so impatient and hot tempered was he that if a horse of his failed to win after three attempts he would order him to be carted next day What a hullabaloo there would be in the yard — half a dozen men trying to force a high spirited young thoroughbred to pull a cart of manure. This would go on all day until the master's temper cooled down when he would order the tackling to be taken off: or till as often happened his temper got the better of him when he would bring out his gun and shoot the unfortunate animal

mirror on the wall who is the fairest of us all. Thou wert the fairest lady queen but snowwhite is the fairest now I seen said the mirror. The queen was in a rage so she decided to find out where Snowwhite was living. She disguised herself as a traveling women and set out with some jumpers for sale.After travelling for some time she came to the dwaarfs house and Snowwhite invited her in. She was very anxious to have one of the jumpers and asked the lady to allow her to try one on. The lady picked out one and laced it tight around her neck and then she went away. She was not gone far when Snowwhite became unconscious on the floor and remained there until the dwarfs came in.They saw immedeally what was wrong and they loosened the lacing. They warned her in future not to leave any other one in. Again the queen went to the mirror and said oh mirror - mirror on the wall who is the fairest of us all. Thou art the fairest lady queen but

not be back until the next day. There was some disapointment about the grinding of the oats at the mill. He sent the boy home but when he arrived he found that the house was barred up and he could not get in. He moved over to the window and there was a little corner of the curtain raised. He peeped in and he saw that the girl was there and she entertaining a friend. She had the table laid for tea a roast turkey and some beautiful cakes nice tea and a bottle of whiskey. Just when this little party was to sit down to the farmer arrived from the corn mill. He went up to the door and knocked but got no answer. He knocked again and shouted the girl by name to open the door. When she heard the farmer outside knocking she got into hysterics because she did not expect him home so soon. Her first thought was to hide away all the dinner and also the visitor before opening the door. While this was going on the farmer was outside knocking and kept shouting the girls name to open the door. The boy kept looking in under the curtain all the time and saw that that the girl took a bottle of whiskey hastily and put it into and emty churn. She put the turkey back into the oven and shoved it under the

Bread is baked with flour, buttermilk, a small quantities of soda and salt. We mixed soda and salt through it. Seldom we buy bread from the Bakers. The commonest bread is soda bread, oat bread, currant bread and Indian bread. Soda bread is baked with flour and soda and salt is mixed throught it.
Indian bread is baked the same

There is a man going around this place for many years called Jonny Collins or sometimes "Private" Collins. He was at one time a soldier. He carries a bag on his back in which he has ballads and other artickles. He is very welcome at almost every house because he travels a lot and has many stories to tell of his travels
There is another beggar localy called "Daly the fiddle". He is is very old now but travels a lot. He carries a fiddle. He carries a fiddle with him and plays it at every house he goes to. For this he always gets a penny or two.
There is another traveler called Tom Malone who thinks himself a very clever man and is always discussing politics. He spends most of his time in a few houses where the people agree with him.
There were other beggars long ago. One of these was John Kellaghan or locally called "Smoke Sir" because every man he meet he used offer him his empty pipe saying to him "smoke sir". One day this beggar sold some potatoes in a bag to a woman. When she had them bought she threw them out into something only to find that some of them were boiled. She said to John that he was a rogue. John answered her saying, "never again buy a pig in a bag mam"
There was another beggar called "Jerry

Long ago the people used have tables with only two legs. There used be two legs under one side and no leg under the other side. They used have it turned up-side-down on the rack. When they used to be eating they used take it down and leave the legs rest on the ground and the side without any leg resting on the rack. It used be very low and they used kneel around it when they used be eating.
When they used be finished they used turn it up-side-down again and put it on the rack.
Griddle Bread: They used have a flat piece of iron with two handles. It was called a griddle. They used make a very thin cake and put it on the griddle to bake. That bread was called griddle Bread.
Oaten-Meal.
Long ago the people used set their own oats. They used grind it with a quarne and make flemery out of it. The way they used make the flemery was to put the oaten meal soaking and drink the water of it.

I. Along the plains of Mayo, the wild deer wander free
The summer shines in glory, but shineth not for me.
I feel no breeze at twilight, nor I see no light at dawn
And I'll sing a theme of sorrow for my darling Una Bawn. II.

,distance, thirty to thirty five miles. The people in the district used to walk to Drogheda when they were on their way to England. They would get on board ship there to Liverpool and then walk to Hull. Michael Waldron, Cahir was famed as being a great mower. He mowed about two Irish acres in the day, working about thirteen hours a day. People at times used to race against horses. This was accomplished on the road leading from Kilkelly to Kitimagh. There was also great dancer, storytellers, and songsters in former times. Pat Curry Knock was a great dancer. He usually danced jigs, hornpipes, and reels. There was a famous story told by my grandfather in older times. It went by the name of Costello's Lament.
In the year about eighteen hundred all the nobility of Mayo used to hunt the deer. There was a great family of the McDermotts who lived in a great palace in Coolavin near Elphin. McDermott had one daughter. She went by the name of Una Bawn. It happened one day that all the Lords of Connaught were out hunting the deer. Una's horse got into a drain and nobody was able to get her out until a man of the name Tom Costello came along, and pulled the horse out of the trench. He was an all powerful, handsome, young man and Una fell in love with him. She cared for nobody but Tom. One day her father called all the Lords of Connaught to a great banquet. When they

In olden times people used to compete with one another to see who would come out victorious. Tom Marremian Cloughually was noted for his great strength in former times, particularly at the carrying of heavy weights. It was a custom at that time for people to go to Ballisodare to get their corn ground. Each county used to compete which one another to see which would first be dealt with at the mill. There was a challenge held for one day. It was so decided that who-soever should carry the heaviest sack that county should be let go first. So this particular man arrived nine cwts and five stones. Mayo took the lead that day. There was another man of the name Charles Murphy Cloughually who was noted as being a great runner. On one occasion the police were after him but each time they failed to overtake him. On one day which he was pursued by the police, he ran over many hills then he jumped in the river Threenóg. As the police could not jump in he sat down in order to rouse the anger of them, and began to sing "The Puller and The Goat". There were also great walkers in the school district in former times. Mrs. Prendergast Cloughualley walked nine times to Croagh Patrick

Pat Heneghan,Lurgan, carried six hundred weight two hundred yards. Thomas O' Brien, Lurgan, carried the same weight, for there was a challenge between them. Pat O' Brien put a bag of oats, containing four hundred weight, on a horse's back. He had no way of raising it on his back, so he put the bag upright and lay down, and let the bag over on him and got up under it and put it on the horse's back.
There was a woman sixty five years old, in the village of Ballure whose name was Mrs Leighohon, and she carried a boy eight years old on her back to Charlestown, and she only rested once on a bridge a mile this side of the town. The same woman carried the same boy to Croagh Patrick, and she also carried sixteen pounds weight of butter to Swinford.
There was a woman in our district, her name was Mrs Duffy, Woodfield and she walked several times to Croagh Patrick and climbed it, and walked home again the same day. John Paten was a great mower. He used to mow three Irish acres one day and he used to sleep in a cart, and mow the same the next day.
There were not many swift runners in my district. People in olden times used to walk sixteen miles

Travelling folks still call at our home. The same people have been doing so for many years. Those who travel on foot and do not bring packs with them are very poor. The tinkers come round selling small articles. They get their supplies from the shops at a cheap rate. The gipsies make things and sell them. The people long ago bought from them. As a rule these travellers are welcome. They do not stay for more than a night at a time. They sleep in barns and in sheds. Others have tents which they erect in the shade of the hedges. The Gipsies sleep in caravans. Some of them have food with them. Others go round seeking alms; such as potatoes, flour, meal, sugar, tea and other things. The Tinker and Gipsie kind travel in families, the tramps travel singly. They generally call in at our home in the morning.

Travelling folk are common round this district. They usually come in bands but sometimes they come to a townsland and stay a few days in it. They some times separate and go to different parts of the country. When night comes on them they make a tent by the side of the road but sometimes they get lodging in a nearby house. The names of some of them that come round this district are Johnny and Mary Hennessy, Billie Ryan, Joe Darcy, Paddy Conway and Tom Doyle. Any of those do not sell anything. Another well known band of them that visit this district are the Bolands and another band named Nolan are often to be seen round this district. They usually bring a band of asses with them. Some of the travelling folk sell small articles. Those are called pedlers.

tin they make tins, basins, porringers and several other vessels. Then they go around the country selling these to the people and sometimes the people gets the tins from them for a few bottles or food. Some times they put bottoms in old tins for the people with when they are through the country and they people give them money. Some of them go around on bicycles and others on carts. Some of these travellers have very funny stories and during the long winter nights the local people gather round to hear them telling the stories and it passes the night

some beautiful cakes in the dresser. The farmer opened the dresser and sure enough the cakes were there. The boy swung the riddle a third time and the farmer asked the boy had the riddle any other secret, yes, said the boy, it tells me that there is a nice bottle of nice whiskey in the churn beyond. The farmer went to the churn and took out the bottle of whiskey and left it on the table. The two of them then then sat in and eat a very hearty meal. After they had finished the boy said to the farmer get me a flail and I will trash this straw in the corner. The farmer got the flail and gave it two the boy who swung it around his head and gave it four or five hard blows and to the utter astonishment of the farmer up jumps a pealer from under the straw. It was only then the farmer saw how deceitful the girl was towards him and he sent her away next morning. He kept the boy and gave him the house and place.

They used to make the bread on a griddle in Olden times. The used to make boxty out of potatoes. It was nearly all oaten bread they made. They made thier own meal. They made it down at James McLaughlins in Tonduff. They made the bread in wooden basins. There was a mill down at James McLaughlins. The griddle is made in a try angle shape. It stands in front of the fire. There are two feet on it. They baked oaten bread mostly on the griddle. Before the mill was made they used to make the oaten meal by hand. They made it with a old stone with a hole in it.

or less gone out of fashion, such as - boxty, fadge, souhings and oat bread. The way boxty was made was with potatoes. First the potatoes were washed. Then they were peeled and grated and put into a cloth, and squeesed until they were dry. Then the grated potatoes were baked with flour. The day the people made poundeys for the dinner, they made fadge with some of the potatoes that remained. This was made with the mashed potatoes and flour.
The people ate different kinds of food on special occasions long ago. At Halloween they ate poundeys, boxty and fadge. At Easter they tried to see who could eat the most eggs. The day before Ash Wednesday was called "pancake Tuesday". On this day they ate a lot of pancakes.
When tea first came into fashion in this district the people did not understand how to use it. They ate the tea-leaves and threw away the tea. They soon became accustomed how to use it. Before cups became common in this district, bowls and noggins were always used for drinking from.

victuals themselves and will take nothing but money. Often they are turned away because of this.
These gipsies travel in caravans, painted in every hue and colour. It is no rare sight to see five or six caravans together on the bend of a lonely road.
The best known traveller I think is Bob Devitt. He carries with him in a bag, ink, pencils, boot –laces , pins, and several other small articles. He is very honest, and will not accept any money, until he exchanges one of his wares.
The Mc Donagh family, who come round our district, make their own tin-cans and tin-mugs. They are always to be seen moving out to the country on their bicycles with a cargo of tins tied on their backs.
On the Harvest Fair Day of Ballyshannon, gispsies, beggars and hawkers all gather to the town, and push forward their trade. Altough there are fruit shops near at hand

Magherabeg Monastery is about a quarter of a mile from Donegal Abbey. It was founded in the early years of the 15th Century. The Community was large, and flourishing and devoted themselves to the discharge of parochial duties in the district lying between St. Ernans and Barnesmore. The church lands attached to this monastery lay to the lay to the south of the town, and formed a long narrow strip, parallel to the River Eske, but half-a-mile distant from it, and ending east of Driminin. In this connexion it must be noted that there was no separate parish of Donegal till 1730. Killymard and Drumholme were coterminors.In 1611 Paul Gine (one of the English adventurers who got lands in Donegal) had to leave his Castle at Ballyweel, but was given the Monastery on Magherabeg instead. Tradition has it that the monks driven by Magherabeg established

Mary whipped the knife out of his pocket and cut of his head. She then took the whistler out of his pocket and blew it and bored a hole in the wall for when the robbers were planning what to do she heard them.
When she blew the whistler they came in one by one and according as they were coming in she cut off their heads except the last fellow for with all the excitement she only cut a bit off his ear and with the fright that he got he flew for his life home to his mother. Mary was delighted with herself then and went to bed and fell fast asleep. Next morning at about five o clock a knock came to the door. She got up and opened the door and who was there but her Master and Mistress. When they see the pack of robbers lying at the door they wondered much and thanked Mary for saving their house from the robbers. They were so delighted with her that they gave her all their land and money and they went away to England. Then Mary was looking for someone to get married to, and the old robber that got saved heard this news came there matchmaking and he had a different appearance the way

but he was mistaken. They spent and spent until they were as poor as ever and they had but one cow left Mick drove the cow to the fair of Cork hoping to meet the same little man and get another bottle He walked on and it was not long till he met the same little man "Well Mick I said you would be rich man" "Indeed then sure I was." "Good morning to you" said Mick. I am not rich now but have you another bottle for I want in now as much as I did before "Here is the cow sir for it and here is the bottle" said the little man smiling "take it you know what to do with it." "Well good bye for ever" said the little man. "Good bye to your sir" Mick walked home as fast as he could. When he arrived home he told Molly he got another bottle Molly put everything right and Mick put the bottle on the floor "Bottle do your duty. In a twinkling of an eye two great stout men jumbed out of the bottle and beat Mick and his wife. When Mick recovered he put the bottle under his coat and went to the

My love Nell was an Irish girl,
From the cove of Cork came she,
Oh I wept and I wailed
As the big ship sailed
With my love to Amerikay. We coorted long and our love was strong
As the heart of a big oak tree
But when we got to the church
Sure she kept me in the lurch,
And she sailed to Amerikay.
Chorus For my love Nell was an Irish girl, etc. Now all you brave young fellows
A lesson learn from me
Don't fall in love with a woman of low or high degree:
For they're so slippery as an eel
and they'd turn on their heel
And sail to Amerikay.
Chorus For my love Nell etc.

I knew a man and he had a nice little mare and he was very fond entirely of her He used be within in the kitchen every night - every one used keep the horses in the kitchen that time.One morning when he got up, he noticed the mare all sweat and foam, as if she was out being ridden all night. He wiped her and brought her to. He did not tell anyone about it.There was a woman - a neighbour and she called to the house - she had the name of going to the Faries. You have a great mare say's she for she beat (?) all racing west in Eyloich Strand last night.
I was looking at her myself says she and anyone of them could'nt come near her. Your brother was riding her & a good hand he was at it.(The brother who was supposed to be riding her was dead for years before that).

Donovan Mountcahilll Farmers.
Mary Brigid Donovan School-girl.
Parent's Names.
James Donovan from Killusty and Mary Flynn Mountcahill
Grandparents.
Séan Flynn Mountcahill and Brigid Walsh from Brenormore.
Edmond Donovan and Mary Donovan KillustyAllen Kilcash.Mary Allen School-girl
Parent's Names.
John Allen and Mary Landy, Brenor.
Grand parents.
James Allen Kilcash and Norah Kiely
John Landy and Nora Funcheon
Great Grand Parents.
John Allen and Mary Clifford
Great Grand parent
Richard Landy.

to bake it up to the fire. The used to bake bread called a scones and bread made long ago. Scons are made at present. Water and milk was used kneading. Bread was not made every day in olden times. They used to bake as much one day as would do them for a week. They used to make the sign of the cross on the soda cake. These were used long ago called noggins. Crocks they called [?] pans. Oat meal bread was baked in front of [?] fire. There was no special bread made at any [?] times.

the well by allowing their teems of ploughing horses to drink out of it. Accordingly people say the well changed over-night and so the dont give details the local folk have it that some evil befel those who tha desecrated the well (incidentally, I might remark that Tobar Mor a few hundred yards to the west of T. Golias just as you turn up the road to Rathduff also changed its bed from one side of the road to the side it now is on)
Up to 15 years ago People thronged to Tobor Golias to do the stations. Nowadays one or two folk, loth [sic] to let the practice die out still pay honour to Golias at this well.
This is how Mrs McDermot informs me the station is done. First of all the stations used to start on Garland Sunday and continue until the wet of Winter prevented its performance. Three visits to the well on three days constituted a station. The visits might be made on any three days. At each visit you go around the well three times, and say 7 paters, 7 Aves and 7 Glorias once. Then you go to the rock a little to the west and go round

the well by allowing their teems of ploughing horses to drink out of it. Accordingly people say the well changed over-night and so the dont give details the local folk have it that some evil befel those who tha desecrated the well (incidentally, I might remark that Tobar Mor a few hundred yards to the west of T. Golias just as you turn up the road to Rathduff also changed its bed from one side of the road to the side it now is on)
Up to 15 years ago People thronged to Tobor Golias to do the stations. Nowadays one or two folk, loth [sic] to let the practice die out still pay honour to Golias at this well.
This is how Mrs McDermot informs me the station is done. First of all the stations used to start on Garland Sunday and continue until the wet of Winter prevented its performance. Three visits to the well on three days constituted a station. The visits might be made on any three days. At each visit you go around the well three times, and say 7 paters, 7 Aves and 7 Glorias once. Then you go to the rock a little to the west and go round

the well by allowing their teems of ploughing horses to drink out of it. Accordingly people say the well changed over-night and so the dont give details the local folk have it that some evil befel those who tha desecrated the well (incidentally, I might remark that Tobar Mor a few hundred yards to the west of T. Golias just as you turn up the road to Rathduff also changed its bed from one side of the road to the side it now is on)
Up to 15 years ago People thronged to Tobor Golias to do the stations. Nowadays one or two folk, loth [sic] to let the practice die out still pay honour to Golias at this well.
This is how Mrs McDermot informs me the station is done. First of all the stations used to start on Garland Sunday and continue until the wet of Winter prevented its performance. Three visits to the well on three days constituted a station. The visits might be made on any three days. At each visit you go around the well three times, and say 7 paters, 7 Aves and 7 Glorias once. Then you go to the rock a little to the west and go round

We have Lent before Easter to honour the Passion of Our Lord. People fast in Lent. After the forty days of Lent. We have Lent before Easter. No school is opened from the Wednesday before Easter to the Tuesday after Easter. Easter Monday is a Bank Holiday. All the shops are closed. On Good Friday morning there are devations in the Church. People pay visits to the church all day Friday. There is a collection taken up on Easter Sunday morning. People go nowhere for their holidays because they are too short and Summer would be coming on. Some people wear Easter Lillies on Easter Sunday. Long ago people used not eat any eggs during Lent and they used to eat a lot of them on Easter Sunday morning. People at the present time do not eat

the middle of it.
They used to make a pancake long ago and it is gon out of use now. They used to mix up flour and eggs together.
Long ago they used to make stirabout. They used to put water into a pot and otean-meal and hang it on the fire to boil. When it is boiling a few minutes they get a potstick, and stir it up and down. When it is boiled they lift it and lit it cool then they

day locally. It is I presume in honor of " Our Saviours Crucifixion."
Potato bread, Brown bread and Boxy bread were much favoured during the Lenten season. A Currant cake was always made long ago for Sundays entertainment. It was on Sunday night the boys went " Cabin hunting" (the local term used for visiting) where the currant cake was always given around. Pancakes were made at Strove, Barn bracks at Hollowtide, Treacle cakes made with flour, currants, sugar, soda, butter milk with treacle stirred into it was another of the festival cake.
Long ago, St Valentine day 14th February was celebrated with the exchange of cards between sweethearts. On that night too parents invited their daughter's suitor to the house where sweet cakes were made ready for his reception. Love scones these were called. They were made from flour, eggs, sugar and caraway seed. The practise of sending Valentine's cards and customs connected with the Feastday has died out locally.

jobbing on asses and horses. They gypsie women carry baskets round on their arms containing little articles such as tie-pins, collar-studs, hair clips, combs, brushes and mirrors and "Irish" hand made lace; these they sell making good profit. They also sell floor carpets and linoleum. Some of the gypsies are very well off, but mostly all the tinkers are quite the opposite because they beg from door to door while the gypsies buy every thing they want except milk.
There were a lot of beggars going round these villages some time ago. They were as follows: "Patcheen" Glynn who went round with a bag on his back. He got lodging in this village and was very cranky. "Mickeen" Fleming who used to walk barefooted in Summer and Winter the same. He used to beg flour and when he had a few stones he would sell it to some people to feed bonhams. Dan buddy better known by the nick name, "Fagan." He was very cross, especially when vexed and would follow anyone when vexed with a razor or knife. It is said that he killed two children in some part of County Galway.

Long ago when doctors were unknown of the people of Ireland looked upon certain people as being able to cure diseases. There people usually got their cures from wild herbs such as:- banniceamain, wild sage, worm wood, dandeline, dock leaf, bism and shesk. Banniceamain is a poisnous herb but the white juice that comes from it is a cure for warts. Wild sage is boiled as a cure for a dissagreement.
Dandeline when boiled is good to give people their appetite. Dock leaf is a cure for nettles. Bism and shesk boiled together is a cure for yellow jandis in the old people. If a person received a cut from anything the lick of a dog's tongue would prevent it from festering. The gall and liver of a fish is a cure for blind people. The poultices used were: Linseed meal, white bread, mustard leaf flax seed, goose-grease and cold meat.
Linseed meal is wet with boiling water and put it up to the sore to draw the badness out of it. Flax seed and white bread are used in the same way but the bread gives a better return with cold water. Mustard leaf, goose grease

The festival custom's every year in my district are on St Stephen's Day, all the boys in my district go following the wren on St Martin's Day people kill a chicken and spill the blood at the back of the door, or in the corner. On Shrove Tuesday night people make pancake's on Halween night people put a napple into a big tub of water and then try to catch it with your mouth, and on chalk Sunday rubbing chalk to bachelors back's. And on May Day stealing

There are a lot of different kinds of bread such as. Boxty, potatoe cake, slap jack, otean bread, and soda bread. This is how boxty is made first a scraper is made this is how it is made a piece of tin is got and boared and the side that the stabbers are on

the mountain it is the sign of rain. It is the sign of snow to see the robins comming up to the door stips. It is the sign of rain to see the seagulls flying round in a ring. Evening red and morning gray lights the traveler on his way. Morning red and evening gray halt the traveler on his way. If the sun goes down in a bank of clowdes it is the sign of rain. A good heating day and a good

People make different kinds of bread in Ireland. They make soda-bread like this. Put enough of flour in a baisin as will make a cake, then put some bread-soda into the baisin and put buttermilk into the baisin as well, they stir the three together until the cake is made, then they make the Sign of the Cross on it and put in on a cake-tin and put it in the oven. Brown bread is made like this but instead of white flour they use brown flour. After half an hour the cake will be baked and the woman will be able to take it out and leave it to

a speckled colour. The people like to have the new potatoes for Jarrlen Sunday. They also say that if you do not dig potatoes on Sgabby Friday you will have Sgabby potatoes. Sgabby Friday is the Friday before Jarlen Sunday, and the last Sunday of July is Jarlen Sunday. The people will not go near the river or fish on Whit Sunday. Friday the thirteenth or Friday the third is an unlucky day to do anything. The Sunday before Shrove Tuesday is called Pusses Sunday because all the girls that do not get married during Seraft have a puss on them. Pancake night is Shrove Tuesday night, because it is the feast before the fast. If new year's day falls on Monday it is not lucky to let out money, or if you do you will be letting it out all the days of the year, without getting it back.

have currant cake onely at Christmas time.
The way that they used to make oaten-meal bread is they mix up flour, bread, soda, salt, and oaten-meal and they mixed them all up together and make it into a cake.
The way they used to make potato cake is they peal of the skin and then brake them up and make it into four parts, and then put it on a griddle and let it bake.

The people long ago had three meals a day the breakfast the dinner and the supper. The breakfast was between five and six A.M often, the dinner about twelve noon. Farmers worked in the morning before they got theire breakfast. The food for the breakfast was porridge, for the dinner, potatoes, cabbage and white bacon, and for the supper potatoes and buttermilk. They generally sat arround the table in the table in the centre of the floor. Oaten, soda and wheaten bread was the bread eaten. Soda bread was made with, flour, milk and soda Salted bacon was the meat eaten. It was not eaten often. Fish was not eaten except in fishing centres. Cabbage, turnips, onions and potatoes were the vegetables eaten. Food was not eaten, late at night. On Christmas Day a plum pudding was eaten, on Easter Sunday an egg was eaten. Tea was first used about eighty years ago. Porridngers , mugs and wooden noggans were used